A very interesting paper (I said "intesresting", I didn't say I agree!) on open networks where independant nodes with independently developed programs interoperate thanks to standards. The author claims closed and centralized systemes are better, because they allow faster evolution (he uses security as an example). Many IETF cases mentioned (XMPP, IPv6, email...) https://whispersystems.org/blog/the-ecosystem-is-moving/