Sorry, Eliot, I didn't understand it either, particularly about lateness. The point of the paragraph is to declare PM to be something that should be considered at architecture time, i.e. early in the design process, when the fundamentals are worked out. (Personally I would prefer to make it a general statement about "privacy", not just PM, but I'm glad to get whatever I can.) The statement is not that architectural issues need to be considered early (that just begs the question), but rather that PM needs to be considered an architectural issue. Scott