Have you tried to make a similar example? What I do in this situation is try to replicate exact situation but in a smaller case. Inlining decision happens in multiple levels. It is hard to find out what is the exact reason this way. Just as experiment, try it with always_inline [1] too. 1. https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Common-Function-Attributes.html Best wishes, Navid. ________________________________________ From: Gcc-help <gcc-help-bounces+navidrahimi=microsoft.com@xxxxxxxxxxx> on behalf of Edgar Mobile via Gcc-help <gcc-help@xxxxxxxxxxx> Sent: Tuesday, July 19, 2022 06:56 To: gcc-help@xxxxxxxxxxx Subject: [EXTERNAL] Try to understand output of -fdump-ipa-inline Greetings, I try to find out why a function (inline keyword, defined in header) is not inlined. Example for -fdump-ipa-inline output: Considering void Vertex::update(const Data&)/5927 with 40 size to be inlined into void SomeClass::updatePoly(const Data&, Polyline&)/11181 in /somepath/SomeClass.cpp:663 Estimated badness is -0.000083, frequency 4.69. The function is never inlined. unfortunately, the code is proprietary, so I cannot post everything. Can anyone explain me the message above to find out why? Thanks