The cpp manual states: <quote> CPP optimizes even further. It remembers when a header file has a wrapper `#ifndef'. If a subsequent `#include' specifies that header, and the macro in the `#ifndef' is still defined, it does not bother to rescan the file at all. </quote> Does that mean (1) the file is reopened but not scanned, or (2) does it mean the file is not even opened? It seems that (1) is probably the correct answer, but I'm looking for confirmation. It makes a slight difference efficiency-wise, and there is a cpp "#pragma once" that will definitely avoid reopening the header after the first time it's read. Thanks, -Tom Thomas M. Browder, Jr. Niceville, Florida USA