Re: [RFC PATCH v2 4/7] media: v4l2: Add audio capture and output support

[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]

 



On Fri, Jul 28, 2023 at 3:59 PM Tomasz Figa <tfiga@xxxxxxxxxxxx> wrote:
>
> Hi Shengjiu,
>
> On Tue, Jul 25, 2023 at 02:12:17PM +0800, Shengjiu Wang wrote:
> > Audio signal processing has the requirement for memory to
> > memory similar as Video.
> >
> > This patch is to add this support in v4l2 framework, defined
> > new buffer type V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_CAPTURE and
> > V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_OUTPUT, defined new format v4l2_audio_format
> > for audio case usage.
> >
> > The created audio device is named "/dev/audioX".
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Shengjiu Wang <shengjiu.wang@xxxxxxx>
> > ---
> >  .../media/common/videobuf2/videobuf2-v4l2.c   |  4 ++
> >  drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-dev.c            | 17 ++++++
> >  drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-ioctl.c          | 52 +++++++++++++++++++
> >  include/media/v4l2-dev.h                      |  2 +
> >  include/media/v4l2-ioctl.h                    | 34 ++++++++++++
> >  include/uapi/linux/videodev2.h                | 19 +++++++
> >  6 files changed, 128 insertions(+)
> >
>
> Thanks for the patch! Please check my comments inline.

Thanks for reviewing.

Sorry for sending again for using the plain text mode.

>
> > diff --git a/drivers/media/common/videobuf2/videobuf2-v4l2.c b/drivers/media/common/videobuf2/videobuf2-v4l2.c
> > index c7a54d82a55e..12f2be2773a2 100644
> > --- a/drivers/media/common/videobuf2/videobuf2-v4l2.c
> > +++ b/drivers/media/common/videobuf2/videobuf2-v4l2.c
> > @@ -785,6 +785,10 @@ int vb2_create_bufs(struct vb2_queue *q, struct v4l2_create_buffers *create)
> >       case V4L2_BUF_TYPE_META_OUTPUT:
> >               requested_sizes[0] = f->fmt.meta.buffersize;
> >               break;
> > +     case V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_CAPTURE:
> > +     case V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_OUTPUT:
> > +             requested_sizes[0] = f->fmt.audio.buffersize;
> > +             break;
> >       default:
> >               return -EINVAL;
> >       }
> > diff --git a/drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-dev.c b/drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-dev.c
> > index f81279492682..67484f4c6eaf 100644
> > --- a/drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-dev.c
> > +++ b/drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-dev.c
> > @@ -553,6 +553,7 @@ static void determine_valid_ioctls(struct video_device *vdev)
> >       bool is_tch = vdev->vfl_type == VFL_TYPE_TOUCH;
> >       bool is_meta = vdev->vfl_type == VFL_TYPE_VIDEO &&
> >                      (vdev->device_caps & meta_caps);
> > +     bool is_audio = vdev->vfl_type == VFL_TYPE_AUDIO;
> >       bool is_rx = vdev->vfl_dir != VFL_DIR_TX;
> >       bool is_tx = vdev->vfl_dir != VFL_DIR_RX;
> >       bool is_io_mc = vdev->device_caps & V4L2_CAP_IO_MC;
> > @@ -664,6 +665,19 @@ static void determine_valid_ioctls(struct video_device *vdev)
> >               SET_VALID_IOCTL(ops, VIDIOC_S_FMT, vidioc_s_fmt_meta_out);
> >               SET_VALID_IOCTL(ops, VIDIOC_TRY_FMT, vidioc_try_fmt_meta_out);
> >       }
> > +     if (is_audio && is_rx) {
> > +             /* audio capture specific ioctls */
> > +             SET_VALID_IOCTL(ops, VIDIOC_ENUM_FMT, vidioc_enum_fmt_audio_cap);
> > +             SET_VALID_IOCTL(ops, VIDIOC_G_FMT, vidioc_g_fmt_audio_cap);
> > +             SET_VALID_IOCTL(ops, VIDIOC_S_FMT, vidioc_s_fmt_audio_cap);
> > +             SET_VALID_IOCTL(ops, VIDIOC_TRY_FMT, vidioc_try_fmt_audio_cap);
> > +     } else if (is_audio && is_tx) {
> > +             /* audio output specific ioctls */
> > +             SET_VALID_IOCTL(ops, VIDIOC_ENUM_FMT, vidioc_enum_fmt_audio_out);
> > +             SET_VALID_IOCTL(ops, VIDIOC_G_FMT, vidioc_g_fmt_audio_out);
> > +             SET_VALID_IOCTL(ops, VIDIOC_S_FMT, vidioc_s_fmt_audio_out);
> > +             SET_VALID_IOCTL(ops, VIDIOC_TRY_FMT, vidioc_try_fmt_audio_out);
> > +     }
> >       if (is_vbi) {
> >               /* vbi specific ioctls */
> >               if ((is_rx && (ops->vidioc_g_fmt_vbi_cap ||
> > @@ -927,6 +941,9 @@ int __video_register_device(struct video_device *vdev,
> >       case VFL_TYPE_TOUCH:
> >               name_base = "v4l-touch";
> >               break;
> > +     case VFL_TYPE_AUDIO:
> > +             name_base = "audio";
>
> I think it was mentioned before that "audio" could be confusing. Wasn't
> there actually some other kind of /dev/audio device long ago?
>
> Seems like for touch, "v4l-touch" was introduced. Maybe it would also
> make sense to call it "v4l-audio" for audio?

Ok,  will change to use "v4l-audio".

>
> > +             break;
> >       default:
> >               pr_err("%s called with unknown type: %d\n",
> >                      __func__, type);
> > diff --git a/drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-ioctl.c b/drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-ioctl.c
> > index 01ba27f2ef87..aa9d872bba8d 100644
> > --- a/drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-ioctl.c
> > +++ b/drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-ioctl.c
> > @@ -188,6 +188,8 @@ const char *v4l2_type_names[] = {
> >       [V4L2_BUF_TYPE_SDR_OUTPUT]         = "sdr-out",
> >       [V4L2_BUF_TYPE_META_CAPTURE]       = "meta-cap",
> >       [V4L2_BUF_TYPE_META_OUTPUT]        = "meta-out",
> > +     [V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_CAPTURE]      = "audio-cap",
> > +     [V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_OUTPUT]       = "audio-out",
> >  };
> >  EXPORT_SYMBOL(v4l2_type_names);
> >
> > @@ -276,6 +278,7 @@ static void v4l_print_format(const void *arg, bool write_only)
> >       const struct v4l2_sliced_vbi_format *sliced;
> >       const struct v4l2_window *win;
> >       const struct v4l2_meta_format *meta;
> > +     const struct v4l2_audio_format *audio;
> >       u32 pixelformat;
> >       u32 planes;
> >       unsigned i;
> > @@ -346,6 +349,12 @@ static void v4l_print_format(const void *arg, bool write_only)
> >               pr_cont(", dataformat=%p4cc, buffersize=%u\n",
> >                       &pixelformat, meta->buffersize);
> >               break;
> > +     case V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_CAPTURE:
> > +     case V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_OUTPUT:
> > +             audio = &p->fmt.audio;
> > +             pr_cont(", rate=%u, format=%u, channels=%u, buffersize=%u\n",
> > +                     audio->rate, audio->format, audio->channels, audio->buffersize);
> > +             break;
> >       }
> >  }
> >
> > @@ -927,6 +936,7 @@ static int check_fmt(struct file *file, enum v4l2_buf_type type)
> >       bool is_tch = vfd->vfl_type == VFL_TYPE_TOUCH;
> >       bool is_meta = vfd->vfl_type == VFL_TYPE_VIDEO &&
> >                      (vfd->device_caps & meta_caps);
> > +     bool is_audio = vfd->vfl_type == VFL_TYPE_AUDIO;
> >       bool is_rx = vfd->vfl_dir != VFL_DIR_TX;
> >       bool is_tx = vfd->vfl_dir != VFL_DIR_RX;
> >
> > @@ -992,6 +1002,14 @@ static int check_fmt(struct file *file, enum v4l2_buf_type type)
> >               if (is_meta && is_tx && ops->vidioc_g_fmt_meta_out)
> >                       return 0;
> >               break;
> > +     case V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_CAPTURE:
> > +             if (is_audio && is_rx && ops->vidioc_g_fmt_audio_cap)
> > +                     return 0;
> > +             break;
> > +     case V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_OUTPUT:
> > +             if (is_audio && is_tx && ops->vidioc_g_fmt_audio_out)
> > +                     return 0;
> > +             break;
> >       default:
> >               break;
> >       }
> > @@ -1594,6 +1612,16 @@ static int v4l_enum_fmt(const struct v4l2_ioctl_ops *ops,
> >                       break;
> >               ret = ops->vidioc_enum_fmt_meta_out(file, fh, arg);
> >               break;
> > +     case V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_CAPTURE:
> > +             if (unlikely(!ops->vidioc_enum_fmt_audio_cap))
> > +                     break;
> > +             ret = ops->vidioc_enum_fmt_audio_cap(file, fh, arg);
> > +             break;
> > +     case V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_OUTPUT:
> > +             if (unlikely(!ops->vidioc_enum_fmt_audio_out))
> > +                     break;
> > +             ret = ops->vidioc_enum_fmt_audio_out(file, fh, arg);
> > +             break;
> >       }
> >       if (ret == 0)
> >               v4l_fill_fmtdesc(p);
> > @@ -1670,6 +1698,10 @@ static int v4l_g_fmt(const struct v4l2_ioctl_ops *ops,
> >               return ops->vidioc_g_fmt_meta_cap(file, fh, arg);
> >       case V4L2_BUF_TYPE_META_OUTPUT:
> >               return ops->vidioc_g_fmt_meta_out(file, fh, arg);
> > +     case V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_CAPTURE:
> > +             return ops->vidioc_g_fmt_audio_cap(file, fh, arg);
> > +     case V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_OUTPUT:
> > +             return ops->vidioc_g_fmt_audio_out(file, fh, arg);
> >       }
> >       return -EINVAL;
> >  }
> > @@ -1781,6 +1813,16 @@ static int v4l_s_fmt(const struct v4l2_ioctl_ops *ops,
> >                       break;
> >               memset_after(p, 0, fmt.meta);
> >               return ops->vidioc_s_fmt_meta_out(file, fh, arg);
> > +     case V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_CAPTURE:
> > +             if (unlikely(!ops->vidioc_s_fmt_audio_cap))
> > +                     break;
> > +             memset_after(p, 0, fmt.audio);
> > +             return ops->vidioc_s_fmt_audio_cap(file, fh, arg);
> > +     case V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_OUTPUT:
> > +             if (unlikely(!ops->vidioc_s_fmt_audio_out))
> > +                     break;
> > +             memset_after(p, 0, fmt.audio);
> > +             return ops->vidioc_s_fmt_audio_out(file, fh, arg);
> >       }
> >       return -EINVAL;
> >  }
> > @@ -1889,6 +1931,16 @@ static int v4l_try_fmt(const struct v4l2_ioctl_ops *ops,
> >                       break;
> >               memset_after(p, 0, fmt.meta);
> >               return ops->vidioc_try_fmt_meta_out(file, fh, arg);
> > +     case V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_CAPTURE:
> > +             if (unlikely(!ops->vidioc_try_fmt_audio_cap))
> > +                     break;
> > +             memset_after(p, 0, fmt.audio);
> > +             return ops->vidioc_try_fmt_audio_cap(file, fh, arg);
> > +     case V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_OUTPUT:
> > +             if (unlikely(!ops->vidioc_try_fmt_audio_out))
> > +                     break;
> > +             memset_after(p, 0, fmt.audio);
> > +             return ops->vidioc_try_fmt_audio_out(file, fh, arg);
> >       }
> >       return -EINVAL;
> >  }
> > diff --git a/include/media/v4l2-dev.h b/include/media/v4l2-dev.h
> > index e0a13505f88d..0924e6d1dab1 100644
> > --- a/include/media/v4l2-dev.h
> > +++ b/include/media/v4l2-dev.h
> > @@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
> >   * @VFL_TYPE_SUBDEV: for V4L2 subdevices
> >   * @VFL_TYPE_SDR:    for Software Defined Radio tuners
> >   * @VFL_TYPE_TOUCH:  for touch sensors
> > + * @VFL_TYPE_AUDIO:  for audio input/output devices
> >   * @VFL_TYPE_MAX:    number of VFL types, must always be last in the enum
> >   */
> >  enum vfl_devnode_type {
> > @@ -39,6 +40,7 @@ enum vfl_devnode_type {
> >       VFL_TYPE_SUBDEV,
> >       VFL_TYPE_SDR,
> >       VFL_TYPE_TOUCH,
> > +     VFL_TYPE_AUDIO,
> >       VFL_TYPE_MAX /* Shall be the last one */
> >  };
> >
> > diff --git a/include/media/v4l2-ioctl.h b/include/media/v4l2-ioctl.h
> > index edb733f21604..f840cf740ce1 100644
> > --- a/include/media/v4l2-ioctl.h
> > +++ b/include/media/v4l2-ioctl.h
> > @@ -45,6 +45,12 @@ struct v4l2_fh;
> >   * @vidioc_enum_fmt_meta_out: pointer to the function that implements
> >   *   :ref:`VIDIOC_ENUM_FMT <vidioc_enum_fmt>` ioctl logic
> >   *   for metadata output
> > + * @vidioc_enum_fmt_audio_cap: pointer to the function that implements
> > + *   :ref:`VIDIOC_ENUM_FMT <vidioc_enum_fmt>` ioctl logic
> > + *   for audio capture
> > + * @vidioc_enum_fmt_audio_out: pointer to the function that implements
> > + *   :ref:`VIDIOC_ENUM_FMT <vidioc_enum_fmt>` ioctl logic
> > + *   for audio output
> >   * @vidioc_g_fmt_vid_cap: pointer to the function that implements
> >   *   :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FMT <vidioc_g_fmt>` ioctl logic for video capture
> >   *   in single plane mode
> > @@ -79,6 +85,10 @@ struct v4l2_fh;
> >   *   :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FMT <vidioc_g_fmt>` ioctl logic for metadata capture
> >   * @vidioc_g_fmt_meta_out: pointer to the function that implements
> >   *   :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FMT <vidioc_g_fmt>` ioctl logic for metadata output
> > + * @vidioc_g_fmt_audio_cap: pointer to the function that implements
> > + *   :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FMT <vidioc_g_fmt>` ioctl logic for audio capture
> > + * @vidioc_g_fmt_audio_out: pointer to the function that implements
> > + *   :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FMT <vidioc_g_fmt>` ioctl logic for audio output
> >   * @vidioc_s_fmt_vid_cap: pointer to the function that implements
> >   *   :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <vidioc_g_fmt>` ioctl logic for video capture
> >   *   in single plane mode
> > @@ -113,6 +123,10 @@ struct v4l2_fh;
> >   *   :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <vidioc_g_fmt>` ioctl logic for metadata capture
> >   * @vidioc_s_fmt_meta_out: pointer to the function that implements
> >   *   :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <vidioc_g_fmt>` ioctl logic for metadata output
> > + * @vidioc_s_fmt_audio_cap: pointer to the function that implements
> > + *   :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <vidioc_g_fmt>` ioctl logic for audio capture
> > + * @vidioc_s_fmt_audio_out: pointer to the function that implements
> > + *   :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <vidioc_g_fmt>` ioctl logic for audio output
> >   * @vidioc_try_fmt_vid_cap: pointer to the function that implements
> >   *   :ref:`VIDIOC_TRY_FMT <vidioc_g_fmt>` ioctl logic for video capture
> >   *   in single plane mode
> > @@ -149,6 +163,10 @@ struct v4l2_fh;
> >   *   :ref:`VIDIOC_TRY_FMT <vidioc_g_fmt>` ioctl logic for metadata capture
> >   * @vidioc_try_fmt_meta_out: pointer to the function that implements
> >   *   :ref:`VIDIOC_TRY_FMT <vidioc_g_fmt>` ioctl logic for metadata output
> > + * @vidioc_try_fmt_audio_cap: pointer to the function that implements
> > + *   :ref:`VIDIOC_TRY_FMT <vidioc_g_fmt>` ioctl logic for audio capture
> > + * @vidioc_try_fmt_audio_out: pointer to the function that implements
> > + *   :ref:`VIDIOC_TRY_FMT <vidioc_g_fmt>` ioctl logic for audio output
> >   * @vidioc_reqbufs: pointer to the function that implements
> >   *   :ref:`VIDIOC_REQBUFS <vidioc_reqbufs>` ioctl
> >   * @vidioc_querybuf: pointer to the function that implements
> > @@ -315,6 +333,10 @@ struct v4l2_ioctl_ops {
> >                                       struct v4l2_fmtdesc *f);
> >       int (*vidioc_enum_fmt_meta_out)(struct file *file, void *fh,
> >                                       struct v4l2_fmtdesc *f);
> > +     int (*vidioc_enum_fmt_audio_cap)(struct file *file, void *fh,
> > +                                      struct v4l2_fmtdesc *f);
> > +     int (*vidioc_enum_fmt_audio_out)(struct file *file, void *fh,
> > +                                      struct v4l2_fmtdesc *f);
> >
> >       /* VIDIOC_G_FMT handlers */
> >       int (*vidioc_g_fmt_vid_cap)(struct file *file, void *fh,
> > @@ -345,6 +367,10 @@ struct v4l2_ioctl_ops {
> >                                    struct v4l2_format *f);
> >       int (*vidioc_g_fmt_meta_out)(struct file *file, void *fh,
> >                                    struct v4l2_format *f);
> > +     int (*vidioc_g_fmt_audio_cap)(struct file *file, void *fh,
> > +                                   struct v4l2_format *f);
> > +     int (*vidioc_g_fmt_audio_out)(struct file *file, void *fh,
> > +                                   struct v4l2_format *f);
> >
> >       /* VIDIOC_S_FMT handlers */
> >       int (*vidioc_s_fmt_vid_cap)(struct file *file, void *fh,
> > @@ -375,6 +401,10 @@ struct v4l2_ioctl_ops {
> >                                    struct v4l2_format *f);
> >       int (*vidioc_s_fmt_meta_out)(struct file *file, void *fh,
> >                                    struct v4l2_format *f);
> > +     int (*vidioc_s_fmt_audio_cap)(struct file *file, void *fh,
> > +                                   struct v4l2_format *f);
> > +     int (*vidioc_s_fmt_audio_out)(struct file *file, void *fh,
> > +                                   struct v4l2_format *f);
> >
> >       /* VIDIOC_TRY_FMT handlers */
> >       int (*vidioc_try_fmt_vid_cap)(struct file *file, void *fh,
> > @@ -405,6 +435,10 @@ struct v4l2_ioctl_ops {
> >                                      struct v4l2_format *f);
> >       int (*vidioc_try_fmt_meta_out)(struct file *file, void *fh,
> >                                      struct v4l2_format *f);
> > +     int (*vidioc_try_fmt_audio_cap)(struct file *file, void *fh,
> > +                                     struct v4l2_format *f);
> > +     int (*vidioc_try_fmt_audio_out)(struct file *file, void *fh,
> > +                                     struct v4l2_format *f);
> >
> >       /* Buffer handlers */
> >       int (*vidioc_reqbufs)(struct file *file, void *fh,
> > diff --git a/include/uapi/linux/videodev2.h b/include/uapi/linux/videodev2.h
> > index 3af6a82d0cad..e5051410928a 100644
> > --- a/include/uapi/linux/videodev2.h
> > +++ b/include/uapi/linux/videodev2.h
> > @@ -153,6 +153,8 @@ enum v4l2_buf_type {
> >       V4L2_BUF_TYPE_SDR_OUTPUT           = 12,
> >       V4L2_BUF_TYPE_META_CAPTURE         = 13,
> >       V4L2_BUF_TYPE_META_OUTPUT          = 14,
> > +     V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_CAPTURE        = 15,
> > +     V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_OUTPUT         = 16,
> >       /* Deprecated, do not use */
> >       V4L2_BUF_TYPE_PRIVATE              = 0x80,
> >  };
> > @@ -169,6 +171,7 @@ enum v4l2_buf_type {
> >        || (type) == V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VBI_OUTPUT                  \
> >        || (type) == V4L2_BUF_TYPE_SLICED_VBI_OUTPUT           \
> >        || (type) == V4L2_BUF_TYPE_SDR_OUTPUT                  \
> > +      || (type) == V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_OUTPUT                \
> >        || (type) == V4L2_BUF_TYPE_META_OUTPUT)
> >
> >  #define V4L2_TYPE_IS_CAPTURE(type) (!V4L2_TYPE_IS_OUTPUT(type))
> > @@ -2415,6 +2418,20 @@ struct v4l2_meta_format {
> >       __u32                           buffersize;
> >  } __attribute__ ((packed));
> >
> > +/**
> > + * struct v4l2_audio_format - audio data format definition
> > + * @rate:            sample rate
> > + * @format:          sample format
> > + * @channels:                channel numbers
> > + * @buffersize:              maximum size in bytes required for data
> > + */
> > +struct v4l2_audio_format {
> > +     __u32                           rate;
> > +     __u32                           format;
>
> What are the values for the rate and format fields? Since they are part
> of the UAPI, they need to be defined.
>

The range for sample rate is [5512, 768000].
The format is defined in include/uapi/sound/asound.h,  they are
SNDRV_PCM_FORMAT_S8, SNDRV_PCM_FORMAT_U8, ...

Where should I put these info?

Best regards
Wang shengjiu

> Best regards,
> Tomasz
>
> > +     __u32                           channels;
> > +     __u32                           buffersize;
> > +} __attribute__ ((packed));
> > +
> >  /**
> >   * struct v4l2_format - stream data format
> >   * @type:    enum v4l2_buf_type; type of the data stream
> > @@ -2423,6 +2440,7 @@ struct v4l2_meta_format {
> >   * @win:     definition of an overlaid image
> >   * @vbi:     raw VBI capture or output parameters
> >   * @sliced:  sliced VBI capture or output parameters
> > + * @audio:   definition of an audio format
> >   * @raw_data:        placeholder for future extensions and custom formats
> >   * @fmt:     union of @pix, @pix_mp, @win, @vbi, @sliced, @sdr, @meta
> >   *           and @raw_data
> > @@ -2437,6 +2455,7 @@ struct v4l2_format {
> >               struct v4l2_sliced_vbi_format   sliced;  /* V4L2_BUF_TYPE_SLICED_VBI_CAPTURE */
> >               struct v4l2_sdr_format          sdr;     /* V4L2_BUF_TYPE_SDR_CAPTURE */
> >               struct v4l2_meta_format         meta;    /* V4L2_BUF_TYPE_META_CAPTURE */
> > +             struct v4l2_audio_format        audio;   /* V4L2_BUF_TYPE_AUDIO_CAPTURE */
> >               __u8    raw_data[200];                   /* user-defined */
> >       } fmt;
> >  };
> > --
> > 2.34.1
> >




[Index of Archives]     [ALSA User]     [Linux Audio Users]     [Pulse Audio]     [Kernel Archive]     [Asterisk PBX]     [Photo Sharing]     [Linux Sound]     [Video 4 Linux]     [Gimp]     [Yosemite News]

  Powered by Linux