12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12 From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx> Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 1-7 January 2025 Sally Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx) URL: https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS1becEGKA$> New Activity/Unrest: Ahyi, United States | Dieng Volcanic Complex, Indonesia | Fentale, Ethiopia | Home Reef, Tonga | Kilauea, United States | Poas, Costa Rica Ongoing Activity: Aira, Japan | Dukono, Indonesia | Ebeko, Russia | Great Sitkin, United States | Ibu, Indonesia | Kanlaon, Philippines | Karymsky, Russia | Lewotobi, Indonesia | Lewotolok, Indonesia | Manam, Papua New Guinea | Marapi, Indonesia | Merapi, Indonesia | Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia | Paluweh, Indonesia | Reventador, Ecuador | Sangay, Ecuador | Semeru, Indonesia | Sheveluch, Russia | Suwanosejima, Japan | Taal, Philippines | Villarrica, Chile The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. New Activity/Unrest Ahyi | United States | 20.42°N, 145.03°E | Summit elev. -75 m Unrest at Ahyi Seamount continued through 3 January. Signals indicating activity, coming from the direction of Ahyi, were identified in data from underwater pressure sensors near Wake Island (about 2,270 km E of Ahyi) on 28 and 30 December (UTC). Satellite images showed possible signs of underwater activity on 27 and 28 December, and clearer signs on 2 January consisting of a plume of discolored water extending 2.3 km NNW. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale). Geologic Summary. Ahyi seamount is a large conical submarine volcano that rises to within 75 m of the ocean surface ~18 km SE of the island of Farallon de Pajaros in the northern Marianas. Water discoloration has been observed there, and in 1979 the crew of a fishing boat felt shocks over the summit area, followed by upwelling of sulfur-bearing water. On 24-25 April 2001 an explosive eruption was detected seismically by a station on Rangiroa Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago. The event was well constrained (+/- 15 km) at a location near the southern base of Ahyi. An eruption in April-May 2014 was detected by NOAA divers, hydroacoustic sensors, and seismic stations. Source: US Geological Survey https://www.usgs.gov/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.usgs.gov/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS0v-KYnEQ$> Dieng Volcanic Complex | Indonesia | 7.2°S, 109.879°E | Summit elev. 2565 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that a phreatic eruption occurred from the E part of Sileri Crater in the Dieng Volcanic Complex on 18 December and was not preceded by significant signs of elevated volcanic activity. The eruption began at 1058 and lasted for almost 57 seconds based on seismic data. Mud was ejected about 50 m N and NW, about 25 m W, and about 5 m S. A dense white plume rose 70 m above the waterâ??s surface. During a post inspection of the crater scientists noted that volcanic gases remained at normal levels and white plumes rose 20-40 m above the water. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay 500 m away from Sileri Crater and not to spend the night around the crater, to stay out of Timbang Crater and other potentially hazardous craters, and to take caution when digging in the ground as gasses could be released. Geologic Summary. The Dieng plateau in the highlands of central Java is renowned both for the variety of its volcanic scenery and as a sacred area housing Java's oldest Hindu temples, dating back to the 9th century CE. The Dieng Volcanic Complex consists of multiple stratovolcanoes and more than 20 small Pleistocene-to-Holocene craters and cones over a 6 x 14 km area. Prahu stratovolcano was truncated by a large Pleistocene caldera, which was subsequently filled by a series of cones, lava domes, and craters, many containing lakes. Lava flows cover much of the plateau, but observed activity has been restricted to minor phreatic eruptions. Gas emissions are a hazard at several craters and have caused fatalities. There are abundant thermal features and high heat flow across the area. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS33BF6JLw$> Fentale | Ethiopia | 8.985°N, 39.906°E | Summit elev. 2007 m Seismicity and deformation data acquired from satellite radar images indicated that a magmatic intrusion began in late September 2024 in the Afar Region between the Fentale caldera and Dofen volcano. Interferograms, which show upward and downward land movement using sequenced satellite radar data, indicated that a magmatic intrusion aligned along the central to northern part of an axis connecting these two locations began in late September 2024, according to the UK Centre for Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (COMET). Many felt earthquakes M 4 and above were associated with the intrusion. Data from 18 October indicated that the intrusion had slowed or paused. A second phase of the intrusion occurred during the end of 2024. An interferogram processed and interpreted by the Universitas Insan Pembangunan Indonesia (UNIPI) group in support of the Addis Abeba University showed very clear ground movement (over 40 cm of uplift) along almost the entire axis from Fentale to Dofen during 17-29 December. Seismicity continued to be elevated in the region at least through 4 January and was likely associated with the intrusion according to the Ethiopian Geological Institute. A M 5 on 29 December located near Awash Fentale caused the collapse of more than 30 homes and cracks in roads and the ground in the Dulecha and Awash Fentale districts. On 3 January footage of increased activity at a geothermal area near Dofen was reported by news sources. The video showed water, sediment, and rocks being vigorously ejected above vents; the activity was non-volcanic in origin though it increased fears among residents that is was connected to the intrusion and potential volcanic activity. At least 10 earthquakes were recorded during 3-4 January with the largest, a M 5.8, occurring on 4 January. The Ethiopian Geological Institute reported that thousands of people had evacuated to other areas in the region. Geologic Summary. Fentale is a volcanic complex at the N end of the Main Ethiopian Rift that includes a main stratovolcano and caldera with various subsidiary features. Products are primarily rhyolitic obsidian lava flows with minor tuffs. Welded pantelleritic ash flows accompanied formation of a 2.5 x 4.5 km elliptical summit caldera, with steep-sided walls, that trends WNW-ESE, perpendicular to the rift. Post-caldera vents lie along the same orientation. Lava flows that appear to be more recent are present on the NE and SW flanks, and even darker trachytic and obsidian lava flows occur on the caldera floor. An eruption during the 13th century destroyed an Abyssinian town and church to the south. In 1820 CE basaltic lava flows effused from a 4-km-long fissure on the S flank; lava also flowed onto the caldera floor. During 2015 there was a seismic swarm and deformation NE of Fentale, caused by a dike intrusion that Temtime et al. (2020) determined was about 6 km long (striking N29°E) and 2 m wide, with a depth range of 5.4-8 km below the surface (volume change of about 33 x 106 m3). Sources: Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/01/03/ethiopia-volcanic-activity-afar/fff8d1f4-ca16-11ef-a9b8-74e0b395057f_story.html <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/01/03/ethiopia-volcanic-activity-afar/fff8d1f4-ca16-11ef-a9b8-74e0b395057f_story.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS0fKDSwgg$> ; The UK Centre for Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (COMET) https://comet.nerc.ac.uk/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://comet.nerc.ac.uk/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS2HYZq9EQ$> ; Carolina Pagli, Università di Pisa https://x.com/sorcerinsar/status/1873644455263428785?s=46&t=NYEjDyC8B_kv5Q8wRz5edg <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://x.com/sorcerinsar/status/1873644455263428785?s=46&t=NYEjDyC8B_kv5Q8wRz5edg__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS1c-zMvOA$> ; Crisis 24 https://crisis24.garda.com/alerts/2025/01/ethiopia-evacuations-ongoing-amid-increased-volcanic-activity-in-southern-afar-region-as-of-jan-3 <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://crisis24.garda.com/alerts/2025/01/ethiopia-evacuations-ongoing-amid-increased-volcanic-activity-in-southern-afar-region-as-of-jan-3__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS0m49wyaA$> ; Ethiopian Disaster Risk Management Commission (EDRMC) https://edrmc.gov.et/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://edrmc.gov.et/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS0LMtS4sg$> ; Ethiopian Geological Institute https://www.facebook.com/GIE2023E <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.facebook.com/GIE2023E__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS2JkoyOjw$> ; VOA News https://www.voanews.com/a/ethiopia-evacuates-80-000-after-earthquakes-fears-of-volcanic-eruption/7924462.html <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.voanews.com/a/ethiopia-evacuates-80-000-after-earthquakes-fears-of-volcanic-eruption/7924462.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS2FnYt6kg$> Home Reef | Tonga | 18.992°S, 174.775°W | Summit elev. -10 m The Tonga Geological Services reported that eruptive activity at Home Reef continued as of 2 January with lava expanding the N and NE shorelines. Satellite images showed emissions that were likely ash rich rising from the central vent on 17 December. Thermal anomalies were detected at least during 20-23 December. On 2 January small gas-and-ash puffs rose from the central vent at approximately one-minute intervals. The lava flow had grown to approximately 76,000 square meters and had a maximum dimension of 350 m (N-S) by 270 m (E-W). The Maritime Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-level scale), and mariners were advised to stay at least 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) away from the island. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-level scale), and the Alert Level for residents of Vavaâ??u and Haâ??apai remained at Green (the first level on a four-level scale). Geologic Summary. Home Reef, a submarine volcano midway between Metis Shoal and Late Island in the central Tonga islands, was first reported active in the mid-19th century, when an ephemeral island formed. An eruption in 1984 produced a 12-km-high eruption plume, large amounts of floating pumice, and an ephemeral 500 x 1,500 m island, with cliffs 30-50 m high that enclosed a water-filled crater. In 2006 an island-forming eruption produced widespread dacitic pumice rafts that drifted as far as Australia. Another island was built during a September-October 2022 eruption. Source: Tonga Geological Services, Government of Tonga https://www.facebook.com/tongageologicalservice <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.facebook.com/tongageologicalservice__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS2K8tyXZw$> Kilauea | United States | 19.421°N, 155.287°W | Summit elev. 1222 m The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) reported that the eruption at Kilauea that began at 0220 on 23 December paused on 3 January. Lava continued to erupt during 1-3 January from two vents located at the SW margin of Halemaâ??umaâ??u Crater within the Kaluapele summit caldera. The vents produced lava fountains that rose 20-30 m above the vents. Lava flows advanced in a broad fan that covered the western portion of the crater floor; flow advancement had increased during the previous few days. Sulfur dioxide emissions remained elevated, averaging around 30,000 tonnes per day on 2 January. An automatic laser rangefinder pointing at an area of the crater floor measured a drop of about 3 m during 0800-1000 on 2 January as a result of a lava dam in the N part of the lake collapsing. At 1416 parts of the more northern vent cone collapsed and activity ceased at the vent. Lava fountains from the active S vent rose 20-30 m during 2-3 January and fed flows that covered most of the crater floor and down-dropped block. By 3 January the crater floor had risen 1 m based on laser rangefinder data. At around 2040 both fountaining and lava-flow effusion ceased at the S vent, and tremor levels also decreased. The crater floor dropped a total of 3 m by 4 January. No lava erupted from the vents during 4-7 December, though lava on the crater floor continued to move and overturn, exposing molten incandescent surfaces. The incandescence on the crater floor began to diminish on 5 January. Sulfur dioxide emissions remained at elevated levels and a plume was visible rising above the crater rim. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Kilauea overlaps the E flank of the massive Mauna Loa shield volcano in the island of Hawaii. Eruptions are prominent in Polynesian legends; written documentation since 1820 records frequent summit and flank lava flow eruptions interspersed with periods of long-term lava lake activity at Halemaumau crater in the summit caldera until 1924. The 3 x 5 km caldera was formed in several stages about 1,500 years ago and during the 18th century; eruptions have also originated from the lengthy East and Southwest rift zones, which extend to the ocean in both directions. About 90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the surface is younger than 600 years. The long-term eruption from the East rift zone between 1983 and 2018 produced lava flows covering more than 100 km2, destroyed hundreds of houses, and added new coastline. Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS1edIF48Q$> Poas | Costa Rica | 10.2°N, 84.233°W | Summit elev. 2697 m The Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported that an eruptive event from the S part of the lake at Poás was recorded at 0610 on 5 January. The event ejected dark material several meters above the surface of the lake. The event was preceded by a period of slow intensification of several monitoring parameters first observed during November and December 2024, including increased seismicity, an anomalous trend in the ratio of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide that accelerated on 5 January, increased gas emissions, and an increase in lake temperatures. Unrest continued during 6-7 January; increased tremor was associated with visible bubbling in the lake during 1400-1700 on 6 January. Geologic Summary. The broad vegetated edifice of Poás, one of the most active volcanoes of Costa Rica, contains three craters along a N-S line. The frequently visited multi-hued summit crater lakes of the basaltic-to-dacitic volcano are easily accessible by vehicle from the nearby capital city of San José. A N-S-trending fissure cutting the complex stratovolcano extends to the lower N flank, where it has produced the Congo stratovolcano and several lake-filled maars. The southernmost of the two summit crater lakes, Botos, last erupted about 7,500 years ago. The more prominent geothermally heated northern lake, Laguna Caliente, is one of the world's most acidic natural lakes, with a pH of near zero. It has been the site of frequent phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions since an eruption was reported in 1828. Eruptions often include geyser-like ejections of crater-lake water. Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS3J4ZTQFg$> Ongoing Activity Aira | Japan | 31.5772°N, 130.6589°E | Summit elev. 1117 m The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) during 30 December 2024-6 January 2025. Nightly crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. Eruptive events at 1317 and 2029 on 31 December, at 0658 and 1443 on 1 January, at 1335 and 2224 on 2 January, and 1002 and 1045 on 5 January produced ash plumes that rose 1-1.4 km above the crater rim and drifted NE, E, and SE. Explosions at 1317 and 2029 on 31 December, at 0348 on 3 January, at 0125 on 4 January, and at 1002 and 1045 on 5 January produced ash plumes that rose 0.5-1.5 km above the crater rim and drifted S and SE. All of the explosions, except at 1451 on 6 January, ejected large blocks 300-900 m from the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters. Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the caldera, along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim and built an island that was joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit cone ended about 4,850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minamidake. Frequent eruptions since the 8th century have deposited ash on the city of Kagoshima, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest recorded eruption took place during 1471-76. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS1o8f1I6w$> Dukono | Indonesia | 1.6992°N, 127.8783°E | Summit elev. 1273 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 1-7 January. White-and-gray ash plumes rose 100-700 m above the crater rim and drifted E on most days; emissions were not visible on 2 and 4 January possibly in part due to weather conditions. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 4 km away from the Malupang Warirang Crater. Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have occurred since 1933. During a major eruption in 1550 CE, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the N-flank Gunung Mamuya cone. This complex volcano presents a broad, low profile with multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been active during historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS33BF6JLw$> Ebeko | Russia | 50.686°N, 156.014°E | Summit elev. 1103 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that moderate activity was ongoing at Ebeko during 26 December 2024-2 January 2025. Explosions on 31 December generated ash plumes that rose as high as 2 km above the summit and drifted SE, according to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E). Satellite images indicated that the volcano was quiet or obscured by weather clouds. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The flat-topped summit of the central cone of Ebeko volcano, one of the most active in the Kuril Islands, occupies the northern end of Paramushir Island. Three summit craters located along a SSW-NNE line form Ebeko volcano proper, at the northern end of a complex of five volcanic cones. Blocky lava flows extend west from Ebeko and SE from the neighboring Nezametnyi cone. The eastern part of the southern crater contains strong solfataras and a large boiling spring. The central crater is filled by a lake about 20 m deep whose shores are lined with steaming solfataras; the northern crater lies across a narrow, low barrier from the central crater and contains a small, cold crescentic lake. Historical activity, recorded since the late-18th century, has been restricted to small-to-moderate explosive eruptions from the summit craters. Intense fumarolic activity occurs in the summit craters, on the outer flanks of the cone, and in lateral explosion craters. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS3n5sIF5g$> Great Sitkin | United States | 52.076°N, 176.13°W | Summit elev. 1740 m The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick lava flow in Great Sitkinâ??s summit crater during 31 December 2024-7 January 2025. The local seismic network continued to detect small earthquakes associated with the ongoing eruption. Nothing notable was identified in satellite and webcam images, though weather clouds sometimes obscured webcam and satellite views. Elevated surface temperatures at the summit were identified in satellite images during 31 December-2 January and 5-6 January, consistent with newly erupted lava. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side of Great Sitkin Island. A younger volcano capped by a small, 0.8 x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure that truncated an older edifice and produced a submarine debris avalanche. Deposits from this and an even older debris avalanche from a source to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano. The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp. Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano. Eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://avo.alaska.edu/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS0GIsERXw$> Ibu | Indonesia | 1.488°N, 127.63°E | Summit elev. 1325 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Ibu continued during 1-7 January. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were often dense rose as high as 3 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Webcam images posted with some of the reports showed incandescence at the summit or being ejected above the summit of the inner active cone. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5.5 km away from the N crater wall opening. Geologic Summary. The truncated summit of Gunung Ibu stratovolcano along the NW coast of Halmahera Island has large nested summit craters. The inner crater, 1 km wide and 400 m deep, has contained several small crater lakes. The 1.2-km-wide outer crater is breached on the N, creating a steep-walled valley. A large cone grew ENE of the summit, and a smaller one to the WSW has fed a lava flow down the W flank. A group of maars is located below the N and W flanks. The first observed and recorded eruption was a small explosion from the summit crater in 1911. Eruptive activity began again in December 1998, producing a lava dome that eventually covered much of the floor of the inner summit crater along with ongoing explosive ash emissions. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS33BF6JLw$> Kanlaon | Philippines | 10.4096°N, 123.13°E | Summit elev. 2422 m The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing eruptive activity at Kanlaon during 31 December 2024-6 January 2025. The seismic network recorded 23-45 daily volcanic earthquakes that, during 31 December-2 January and on 4 January, included 3-12 periods of volcanic tremor lasting four minutes to four hours and 42 minutes. Daily sulfur dioxide emissions ranged from 3,406 to 5,840 tonnes per day. There were 5-8 daily period of ash emissions during 31 December-2 January, each as short as five minutes to as long as four hours and 24 minutes. The emissions were voluminous, rising 300-400 m above the summit and drifting W and NW. One ash emission lasting one hour and 51 minutes on 4 January produced voluminous plumes that rose 500 m above the summit and drifted SW. Gas-and-steam plumes during 3 and 5-6 January that were sometimes voluminous and continuous rose as high as 1.4 km above the summit and drifted NW, W, and SW. The eruption continued to impact residents. The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) report issued at 0800 on 7 January stated that 13,246 people (4,070 families) were spread across 34 evacuation centers and another 7,458 people (2,351 families) were staying elsewhere. The report also stated that 34 cities were under a â??state of calamityâ??, jobs continued to be affected, and some classes remained suspended. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 0-5); the public was warned to stay 6 km away from the summit and pilots were warned not to fly close to the volcano. Geologic Summary. Kanlaon volcano (also spelled Canlaon) forms the highest point on the Philippine island of Negros. The massive andesitic stratovolcano is covered with fissure-controlled pyroclastic cones and craters, many of which are filled by lakes. The largest debris avalanche known in the Philippines traveled 33 km SW from Kanlaon. The summit contains a 2-km-wide, elongated northern caldera with a crater lake and a smaller but higher active vent, Lugud crater, to the south. Eruptions recorded since 1866 have typically consisted of phreatic explosions of small-to-moderate size that produce minor local ashfall. Sources: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS3gigWjFg$> ; The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS0vD-gJXg$> Karymsky | Russia | 54.049°N, 159.443°E | Summit elev. 1513 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 26 December 2024-2 January 2025. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images during 26 and 29-31 December. The volcano was quiet or weather conditions prevented views on the other days of the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700 radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS3n5sIF5g$> Lewotobi | Indonesia | 8.542°S, 122.775°E | Summit elev. 1703 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Lewotobi Laki-laki during 1-7 January. White-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose as high as 1.2 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions during 1-4 January. White gas-and-steam plumes rose as high as 2 km above the summit and drifted SW, W, and NW on 1 January and 0.1-1 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions during 5-7 January. Incandescence at the crater was periodically visible in a webcam images. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 5 km away from the center of Laki-laki and 6 km in a semicircle counterclockwise from the NE to the SW. Geologic Summary. The Lewotobi edifice in eastern Flores Island is composed of the two adjacent Lewotobi Laki-laki and Lewotobi Perempuan stratovolcanoes (the "husband and wife"). Their summits are less than 2 km apart along a NW-SE line. The conical Laki-laki to the NW has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Perempuan has had observed eruptions in 1921 and 1935. Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in both of the summit craters, which are open to the north. A prominent cone, Iliwokar, occurs on the E flank of Perampuan. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS33BF6JLw$> Lewotolok | Indonesia | 8.274°S, 123.508°E | Summit elev. 1431 m On 5 January the Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) issued a press release for Lewotolok describing a minor increase in unrest. The seismic network recorded a significant increase in the number of both shallow and deep volcanic earthquakes during December. Typically, one shallow volcanic earthquake and 1-5 deep volcanic earthquakes occurred per day; in December there were a total of 43 shallow and 183 deep volcanic earthquakes. Minor inflation was detected in both tiltmeter and Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) data, but the changes were not significant. During 1 December 2024-4 January 2025 white plumes of variable densities rose as high as 400 m above the summit and drifting in multiple directions. On 5 January a white-and-gray plume rose 20-100 m above the summit and drifted SE. The color of the plume was likely from material from inside the crater or the crater wall being entrained with a gas emission. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the vent and 2.5 km away on the S, SE, and W flanks. Geologic Summary. The Lewotolok (or Lewotolo) stratovolcano occupies the eastern end of an elongated peninsula extending north into the Flores Sea, connected to Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island by a narrow isthmus. It is symmetrical when viewed from the north and east. A small cone with a 130-m-wide crater constructed at the SE side of a larger crater forms the volcano's high point. Many lava flows have reached the coastline. Eruptions recorded since 1660 have consisted of explosive activity from the summit crater. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS33BF6JLw$> Manam | Papua New Guinea | 4.08°S, 145.037°E | Summit elev. 1807 m The Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) reported that continuous ash plumes from Manam were identified in satellite images at 1850 and 2000 on 7 January. The plumes rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. Geologic Summary. The 10-km-wide island of Manam, lying 13 km off the northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea, is one of the country's most active volcanoes. Four large radial valleys extend from the unvegetated summit of the conical basaltic-andesitic stratovolcano to its lower flanks. These valleys channel lava flows and pyroclastic avalanches that have sometimes reached the coast. Five small satellitic centers are located near the island's shoreline on the northern, southern, and western sides. Two summit craters are present; both are active, although most observed eruptions have originated from the southern crater, concentrating eruptive products during much of the past century into the SE valley. Frequent eruptions, typically of mild-to-moderate scale, have been recorded since 1616. Occasional larger eruptions have produced pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached flat-lying coastal areas and entered the sea, sometimes impacting populated areas. Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS0O9dFk3Q$> Marapi | Indonesia | 0.38°S, 100.474°E | Summit elev. 2885 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Marapi (on Sumatra) was ongoing during 1-7 January. White steam-and-gas plumes generally rose as high as 400 m above the summit during most of the week; emissions were not observed during 6-7 January. At 0943 on 4 January a dense gray ash plume rose around 1 km above the summit and drifted N and NE. The emission lasted one minute and 40 seconds based on seismic data. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the active crater. Geologic Summary. Gunung Marapi, not to be confused with the better-known Merapi volcano on Java, is Sumatra's most active volcano. This massive complex stratovolcano rises 2,000 m above the Bukittinggi Plain in the Padang Highlands. A broad summit contains multiple partially overlapping summit craters constructed within the small 1.4-km-wide Bancah caldera. The summit craters are located along an ENE-WSW line, with volcanism migrating to the west. More than 50 eruptions, typically consisting of small-to-moderate explosive activity, have been recorded since the end of the 18th century; no lava flows outside the summit craters have been reported in historical time. Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS33BF6JLw$> ; Antara News https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4563658/pvmbg-erupsi-gunung-marapi-lontarkan-abu-vulkanik-setinggi-1-km <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4563658/pvmbg-erupsi-gunung-marapi-lontarkan-abu-vulkanik-setinggi-1-km__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS0qDab2HQ$> Merapi | Indonesia | 7.54°S, 110.446°E | Summit elev. 2910 m The Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 27 December 2024-2 January 2025. Seismicity remained at high levels. The SW lava dome produced 62 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 1.9 km SW down the Bebeng drainage, 10 that traveled as far as 1.8 km SW down the Krasak drainage, and six that traveled as far as 1.5 km SW down the Sat/Putih drainage. The SW dome had an estimated volume of 3,315,900 cubic meters based on an analysis of webcam images, with morphological changes caused by continuing effusion and collapses of material. No significant morphological changes at the summit dome were visible. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location. Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused many fatalities. Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS28LHgV2g$> Nevado del Ruiz | Colombia | 4.892°N, 75.324°W | Summit elev. 5279 m Servicio Geológico Colombianoâ??s (SGC) Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Manizales reported that eruptive activity at Nevado del Ruiz continued during 31 December 2024-6 January 2025. The number of seismic events associated with fluid movement decreased in both number and intensity compared to the previous week, though seismicity indicating continuous ash-and-gas emissions increased (notably on 6 January). Webcam images confirmed several ash emissions and higher-temperature ejecta associated with some of these events; plumes drifted NW, W, and WSW following ash-and-gas emissions that rose 2-2.1 km above the summit at 0814 on 1 January and at 0003 on 3 January. Seismicity associated with rock fracturing decreased in both number and magnitude compared to the previous week. The earthquakes were located below Arenas Crater and the NE, E, SE, SW, and NW flanks within 11 km, and had depths less than 5 km. The largest event, an M 1.2, was recorded at 1551 on 2 January and was located 3 km SW of the crater at a depth of 4 km. Low-energy thermal anomalies on the crater floor were identified in satellite data when weather permitted. Sulfur dioxide emissions detected in satellite data were higher than the previous weeks. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-level scale), and the public was warned to stay out of the restricted areas around Arenas Crater, not to spend long periods of time on the Murillo-Cerro Gualà Road, and to avoid drainages in the high-threat zones. Geologic Summary. Nevado del Ruiz is a broad, glacier-covered volcano in central Colombia that covers more than 200 km2. Three major edifices, composed of andesitic and dacitic lavas and andesitic pyroclastics, have been constructed since the beginning of the Pleistocene. The modern cone consists of a broad cluster of lava domes built within the caldera of an older edifice. The 1-km-wide, 240-m-deep Arenas crater occupies the summit. The prominent La Olleta pyroclastic cone located on the SW flank may also have been active in historical time. Steep headwalls of massive landslides cut the flanks. Melting of its summit icecap during historical eruptions, which date back to the 16th century, has resulted in devastating lahars, including one in 1985 that was South America's deadliest eruption. Source: Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC) https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS3t1NZTGQ$> Paluweh | Indonesia | 8.32°S, 121.708°E | Summit elev. 875 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported decreased activity at Paluweh during 16-31 December based on visual observations and monitoring data. No emissions were visible, and the seismic network recorded a decrease in the number of both deep and shallow volcanic earthquakes. At 1200 on 1 January 2025 the Alert Level was lowered to 1 (on a scale of 4) and the public was warned to stay away from the summit area. Geologic Summary. Paluweh volcano, also known as Rokatenda, forms the 8-km-wide island of Palu'e north of the volcanic arc that cuts across Flores Island. The broad irregular summit region contains overlapping craters up to 900 m wide and several lava domes. Several flank vents occur along a NW-trending fissure. The largest historical eruption occurred in 1928, when strong explosive activity was accompanied by landslide-induced tsunamis and lava dome emplacement. Pyroclastic flows in August 2013 resulted in fatalities. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS33BF6JLw$> Reventador | Ecuador | 0.077°S, 77.656°W | Summit elev. 3562 m Instituto GeofÃsico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) reported that an eruption at Reventador was ongoing during 31 December 2024-6 January 2025. Seismicity was characterized by 62-88 daily explosions, long-period earthquakes, harmonic tremor, and tremor associated with emissions. Daily ash-and-gas plumes were observed in webcam images and/or satellite images rising 300-1,000 m above the crater and drifting SE, SW, and W. Incandescent material was observed nightly descending the flanks as far as 900 m below the crater rim. Weather conditions occasionally obscured views. SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos maintained the Alert Level at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Volcán El Reventador is the most frequently active of a chain of Ecuadorian volcanoes in the Cordillera Real, well east of the principal volcanic axis. The forested, dominantly andesitic stratovolcano has 4-km-wide avalanche scarp open to the E formed by edifice collapse. A young, unvegetated, cone rises from the amphitheater floor to a height comparable to the rim. It has been the source of numerous lava flows as well as explosive eruptions visible from Quito, about 90 km ESE. Frequent lahars in this region of heavy rainfall have left extensive deposits on the scarp slope. The largest recorded eruption took place in 2002, producing a 17-km-high eruption column, pyroclastic flows that traveled up to 8 km, and lava flows from summit and flank vents. Sources: Instituto GeofÃsico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) http://www.igepn.edu.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS2n_IcU5g$> ; SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) http://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS1sdBWT-g$> Sangay | Ecuador | 2.005°S, 78.341°W | Summit elev. 5286 m The Instituto GeofÃsico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) reported that eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 31 December 2024-7 January 2025. The seismic network recorded 45-156 daily explosions. Gas-and-ash plumes visible in webcam and/or satellite images rose as high as 1 km above the summit and drifted SW and W during 31 December, 2 January, and 6-7 January. Weather clouds obscured views of the volcano during most of the week. SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The isolated Sangay volcano, located east of the Andean crest, is the southernmost of Ecuador's volcanoes and its most active. The steep-sided, glacier-covered, dominantly andesitic volcano grew within the open calderas of two previous edifices which were destroyed by collapse to the east, producing large debris avalanches that reached the Amazonian lowlands. The modern edifice dates back to at least 14,000 years ago. It towers above the tropical jungle on the east side; on the other sides flat plains of ash have been eroded by heavy rains into steep-walled canyons up to 600 m deep. The earliest report of an eruption was in 1628. Almost continuous eruptions were reported from 1728 until 1916, and again from 1934 to the present. The almost constant activity has caused frequent changes to the morphology of the summit crater complex. Sources: Instituto GeofÃsico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) http://www.igepn.edu.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS2n_IcU5g$> ; SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) http://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS1sdBWT-g$> Semeru | Indonesia | 8.108°S, 112.922°E | Summit elev. 3657 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 1-7 January with several daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Dense white-and-gray plumes rose 300-1,200 m above the summit and drifted SW, N, and NE. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards. Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru (Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas. A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that have reached the lower flanks of the volcano. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS33BF6JLw$> Sheveluch | Russia | 56.653°N, 161.36°E | Summit elev. 3283 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that lava extrusion may have continued at Sheveluchâ??s â??300 years of RASâ?? dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the Young Sheveluch dome during 26 December 2024-2 January 2025. Thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images on all days except for 28 and 29 December when the weather was cloudy. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1,300 km3 andesitic volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures, with at least 60 large eruptions during the Holocene. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes occur on its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large open caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS3n5sIF5g$> Suwanosejima | Japan | 29.638°N, 129.714°E | Summit elev. 796 m The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 30 December 2024-6 January 2025. Crater incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. Explosions at 1033 on 30 December, at 1930 and 2313 on 3 January, at 0619 on 4 January, and at 1803 on 5 January produced ash plumes that rose 0.5-1.1 km above the crater rim and drifted NW, SE, and S; the plume rose into weather clouds at 1930 and 0619. Eruptive events on 30 December, 1 January, and 5 January generated ash plumes that rose 1.1-1.4 km above the summit crater and drifted mainly NE and N. Occasional rumbling was heard at the Suwanosejima Branch Office in Toshima village (3.5 km SSW), though dates were unspecified. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long island of Suwanosejima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea on the E flank that was formed by edifice collapse. One of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, it was in a state of intermittent Strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, between 1949 and 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest recorded eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits covered residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed, forming a large debris avalanche and creating an open collapse scarp extending to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS1o8f1I6w$> Taal | Philippines | 14.0106°N, 120.9975°E | Summit elev. 311 m The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing eruptive activity at Taal during 31 December 2024-6 January 2025. Daily emissions rose 550-900 m above the crater rim and drifted WNW, W, SW, and WSW. There were 1-5 periods of volcanic tremor during 2-4 and 6 January each lasting 3-15 minutes. A longer period of weak tremor was recorded during 4-6 January. Five and seven volcanic earthquakes were detected on 3 and 7 January, respectively. In a special advisory PHIVOLCS stated that Realtime Seismic Amplitude Measurement (RSAM) values had significantly increased during 4-6 January. Based on visual observations the typical gas plume that rose from Main Crater was absent and, along with increased seismicity, may have indicated a blockage of the volcanic gas pathways. A minor phreatomagmatic event occurred at 1934 on 6 January and lasted for three minutes. A plume rose 600 m above the crater rim and drifted SW. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 4,188 tonnes per day that same day. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5); PHIVOLCS reminded the public that the entire Taal Volcano Island was a Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and recommended that the Main Crater and areas along the Daang Kastila fissure should remain prohibited. Geologic Summary. Taal is one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines and has produced some powerful eruptions. The 15 x 20 km Talisay (Taal) caldera is largely filled by Lake Taal, whose 267 km2 surface lies only 3 m above sea level. The maximum depth of the lake is 160 m, with several submerged eruptive centers. The 5-km-wide Volcano Island in north-central Lake Taal is the location of all observed eruptions. The island is composed of coalescing small stratovolcanoes, tuff rings, and scoria cones. Powerful pyroclastic flows and surges have caused many fatalities. Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS3gigWjFg$> Villarrica | Chile | 39.42°S, 71.93°W | Summit elev. 2847 m The Servicio Nacional de GeologÃa y MinerÃa (SERNAGEOMIN) reported that a couple of small explosions at Villarrica were recorded on 7 January. Webcam images showed white and gray plumes rising from the crater. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at Green (the lowest level on a four-level scale). Geologic Summary. The glacier-covered Villarrica stratovolcano, in the northern Lakes District of central Chile, is ~15 km south of the city of Pucon. A 2-km-wide caldera that formed about 3,500 years ago is located at the base of the presently active, dominantly basaltic to basaltic-andesite cone at the NW margin of a 6-km-wide Pleistocene caldera. More than 30 scoria cones and fissure vents are present on the flanks. Plinian eruptions and pyroclastic flows that have extended up to 20 km from the volcano were produced during the Holocene. Lava flows up to 18 km long have issued from summit and flank vents. Eruptions documented since 1558 CE have consisted largely of mild-to-moderate explosive activity with occasional lava effusion. Glaciers cover 40 km2 of the volcano, and lahars have damaged towns on its flanks. Source: Servicio Nacional de GeologÃa y MinerÃa (SERNAGEOMIN) http://www.sernageomin.cl/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.sernageomin.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y947cU1AxpZx537Q4PX3DaxXusGi9V3zg3-N4ZtqYjnjYKIF3rJJe-wlhipjKQ0dQDj7F8nGauHN9xGvQS21Y5FCNg$> 12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12 ============================================================== Volcano Listserv is a collaborative venture among Arizona State University (ASU), Portland State University (PSU), the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, and the International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). 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