9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9 From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx> Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 27 November-3 December 2024 Sally Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx) URL: https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvgfASJybw$> New Activity/Unrest: Ahyi, United States | Ibu, Indonesia | Kanlaon, Philippines | Lewotobi, Indonesia | Ranakah, Indonesia | Reykjanes, Iceland | Ulawun, Papua New Guinea Ongoing Activity: Aira, Japan | Dukono, Indonesia | Ebeko, Russia | Fuego, Guatemala | Great Sitkin, United States | Karymsky, Russia | Manam, Papua New Guinea | Marapi, Indonesia | Merapi, Indonesia | Popocatepetl, Mexico | Santa Maria, Guatemala | Semeru, Indonesia | Sheveluch, Russia | Slamet, Indonesia | Suwanosejima, Japan | Taal, Philippines The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. New Activity/Unrest Ahyi | United States | 20.42°N, 145.03°E | Summit elev. -75 m No plumes of discolored water surrounding Ahyi Seamount have been identified in satellite images since 20 November and no significant signals were identified in data from underwater pressure sensors near Wake Island (about 2,270 km E of Ahyi) during 20-29 November. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale). Geologic Summary. Ahyi seamount is a large conical submarine volcano that rises to within 75 m of the ocean surface ~18 km SE of the island of Farallon de Pajaros in the northern Marianas. Water discoloration has been observed there, and in 1979 the crew of a fishing boat felt shocks over the summit area, followed by upwelling of sulfur-bearing water. On 24-25 April 2001 an explosive eruption was detected seismically by a station on Rangiroa Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago. The event was well constrained (+/- 15 km) at a location near the southern base of Ahyi. An eruption in April-May 2014 was detected by NOAA divers, hydroacoustic sensors, and seismic stations. Source: US Geological Survey https://www.usgs.gov/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.usgs.gov/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvhiS0Hjdw$> Ibu | Indonesia | 1.488°N, 127.63°E | Summit elev. 1325 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Ibu continued during 27 November-3 December. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were often dense rose as high as 1.2 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Daily webcam images posted with the reports showed incandescence at the summit of the inner active cone. According to BNPB an eruptive event at 2144 on 1 December ejected incandescent material 700 m above the summit and lasted about two and a half minutes based on seismic data. The event prompted PVMBG to increase the hazard zone radius to 5.5 km on the N flank; the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater in all other directions. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale). Geologic Summary. The truncated summit of Gunung Ibu stratovolcano along the NW coast of Halmahera Island has large nested summit craters. The inner crater, 1 km wide and 400 m deep, has contained several small crater lakes. The 1.2-km-wide outer crater is breached on the N, creating a steep-walled valley. A large cone grew ENE of the summit, and a smaller one to the WSW has fed a lava flow down the W flank. A group of maars is located below the N and W flanks. The first observed and recorded eruption was a small explosion from the summit crater in 1911. Eruptive activity began again in December 1998, producing a lava dome that eventually covered much of the floor of the inner summit crater along with ongoing explosive ash emissions. Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvjQIWXuQQ$> ; Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) http://www.bnpb.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bnpb.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvh4zZ4J6w$> Kanlaon | Philippines | 10.4096°N, 123.13°E | Summit elev. 2422 m The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported a continuing eruption at Kanlaon during 26 November-3 December. The seismic network recorded 5-26 daily volcanic earthquakes, and sulfur dioxide emissions ranged from 2,524 to 9,377 tonnes per day. Moderate gas-and-steam emissions rose 100-750 m above the summit and drifted mainly SW, W, and NE. There were 1-5 daily ash emission events during 26-29 November and on 1 December, with each lasting 5-35 minutes. According to the Tokyo VAAC the ash emissions on those same days rose 2.7-3.4 km (9,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, NNW, and NE. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5) and PHIVOLCS reminded the public to remain outside of the 4-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone and warned pilots not to fly close to the volcano. Geologic Summary. Kanlaon volcano (also spelled Canlaon) forms the highest point on the Philippine island of Negros. The massive andesitic stratovolcano is covered with fissure-controlled pyroclastic cones and craters, many of which are filled by lakes. The largest debris avalanche known in the Philippines traveled 33 km SW from Kanlaon. The summit contains a 2-km-wide, elongated northern caldera with a crater lake and a smaller but higher active vent, Lugud crater, to the south. Eruptions recorded since 1866 have typically consisted of phreatic explosions of small-to-moderate size that produce minor local ashfall. Sources: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbviCyTTi5g$> ; Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vaac/data/vaac_list.html <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vaac/data/vaac_list.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvhdWqdLQA$> Lewotobi | Indonesia | 8.542°S, 122.775°E | Summit elev. 1703 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Lewotobi Laki-laki during 16 November-3 December. The average heights of eruption plumes decreased to 0.5-2 km above the summit during 16-25 November compared to averages of 1-3 km recorded the week before. There were fewer eruptive events, though some were accompanied by notable ash plumes and rumbling sounds. A lava flow on the WNW flank was 3.8 km long and one on the NE flank was around 2 km long; neither flow was advancing. The eruption level remained at a high level, though was decreasing. On 26 November the exclusion zone was modified, prohibiting entry within a radius of 7 km from the center of Laki-laki in all directions. During 27-29 November daily white-and-gray ash plumes rose 1-3 km above the summit and drifted SW, W, NW, and N. White-and-gray ash plumes rose 0.1-1.5 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions during 30 November-3 December. According to a news report the Frans Xavier Seda Airport (252 km W) reopened after being closed since 17 July due to volcanic ash; ticket sales have resumed for flights starting on 16 December. In November the eruption had affected more than 10,000 residents and caused 10 deaths. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4). Geologic Summary. The Lewotobi edifice in eastern Flores Island is composed of the two adjacent Lewotobi Laki-laki and Lewotobi Perempuan stratovolcanoes (the "husband and wife"). Their summits are less than 2 km apart along a NW-SE line. The conical Laki-laki to the NW has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Perempuan has had observed eruptions in 1921 and 1935. Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in both of the summit craters, which are open to the north. A prominent cone, Iliwokar, occurs on the E flank of Perampuan. Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvjQIWXuQQ$> ; Antara News https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4510049/bandar-udara-fransiskus-xaverius-seda-maumere-kembali-beroperasi <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4510049/bandar-udara-fransiskus-xaverius-seda-maumere-kembali-beroperasi__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvgXhsXMyg$> ; Antara News https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4506757/pemprov-bali-serahkan-bantuan-rp151-juta-untuk-korban-lewotobi <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4506757/pemprov-bali-serahkan-bantuan-rp151-juta-untuk-korban-lewotobi__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvh-2JBrkA$> Ranakah | Indonesia | 8.637°S, 120.5302°E | Summit elev. 2288 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported increased seismicity at Ranakah. During 1 November-2 December field observers noted typical diffuse white plumes rising from the NW and SW bases of the lava dome. Though seismicity was dominated by tectonic earthquakes, the number of low-frequency earthquakes significantly increased compared to October. Seismic data also indicated the emergence of both shallow and deep volcanic earthquakes. At 0800 on 3 December the Alert Level was raised to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The Anak Ranakah (Child of Ranakah) lava dome was formed in 1987 in an area without previous recorded eruptions at the base of the large older lava dome of Gunung Ranakah. An arcuate group of lava domes extending about 12 km west from Gunung Ranakah to Poco Mandosawa occurs on the outer N flanks of the poorly known Poco Leok caldera on western Flores Island. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvjQIWXuQQ$> Reykjanes | Iceland | 63.817°N, 22.717°W | Summit elev. 140 m The Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) reported that the eruption that began on 20 November at the Sundhnúkur crater row in a location between Stóra-Skógfell and Sýlingarfell, within the Reykjanes volcanic system, continued during 26 November-3 December. Lava erupted from a single cone and slowly traveled E and SE towards and alongside Fagradalsfjall. The lava flow field near Fagradalsfjall thickened and slightly expanded; advancement of the lava flow front was slow. The average flow rate was estimated to be 11 cubic meters per second during 23-28 November, based on measurements taken by the Icelandic Institute of Natural History, and 5-10 cubic meters per second during 28-29 November. The sulfur dioxide emission rate on 28 November was 64-71 kg/s or about 5,500-6,100 tons per day. Gas plumes rose 500-800 m a.s.l. Deformation data showed minimal daily changes and suggested that magma input into the accumulation zone beneath Svartsengi was similar to the lava effusion rate. On 28 November Icelandic Institute of Natural History experts, who conducted field measurements and an aerial survey, concluded that lava covered an area of 9.2 square kilometers, had an approximate volume of 47 million cubic meters, and averaged 5 m thick. The eruption was the second largest by volume among eruptions at the Sundhnúkur Crater Row since December 2023. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The Reykjanes volcanic system at the SW tip of the Reykjanes Peninsula, where the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rises above sea level, comprises a broad area of postglacial basaltic crater rows and small shield volcanoes. The submarine Reykjaneshryggur volcanic system is contiguous with and is considered part of the Reykjanes volcanic system, which is the westernmost of a series of four closely-spaced en-echelon fissure systems that extend diagonally across the Reykjanes Peninsula. Most of the subaerial part of the system (also known as the Reykjanes/Svartsengi volcanic system) is covered by Holocene lavas. Subaerial eruptions have occurred in historical time during the 13th century at several locations on the NE-SW-trending fissure system, and numerous submarine eruptions dating back to the 12th century have been observed during historical time, some of which have formed ephemeral islands. Basaltic rocks of probable Holocene age have been recovered during dredging operations, and tephra deposits from earlier Holocene eruptions are preserved on the nearby Reykjanes Peninsula. Source: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) http://en.vedur.is/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://en.vedur.is/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvgQnFWboQ$> Ulawun | Papua New Guinea | 5.05°S, 151.33°E | Summit elev. 2334 m The Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO) reported that seismicity at Ulawun was low during 1-19 November, dominated by very small low-frequency earthquakes occurring at short intervals. Seismicity increased on 19 November and remained elevated during the rest of the month. High-frequency volcano-tectonic earthquakes began to occur at around 1300 on 19 November; the number of those events increased at 1645 and again at 0000 on 20 November. At around 1800 on 20 November low-amplitude non-harmonic volcanic tremor emerged and a slight increase in the amplitude of those signals began a couple of hours later. Seismicity fluctuated at elevated levels until 0900 on 28 November; during brief periods of reduced tremor, distinct, high-frequency, volcano-tectonic events were evident. RVO recommended a declaration of Alert Level Stage 1 (the lowest level of a four-stage scale). Geologic Summary. The symmetrical basaltic-to-andesitic Ulawun stratovolcano is the highest volcano of the Bismarck arc, and one of Papua New Guinea's most frequently active. The volcano, also known as the Father, rises above the N coast of the island of New Britain across a low saddle NE of Bamus volcano, the South Son. The upper 1,000 m is unvegetated. A prominent E-W escarpment on the south may be the result of large-scale slumping. Satellitic cones occupy the NW and E flanks. A steep-walled valley cuts the NW side, and a flank lava-flow complex lies to the south of this valley. Historical eruptions date back to the beginning of the 18th century. Twentieth-century eruptions were mildly explosive until 1967, but after 1970 several larger eruptions produced lava flows and basaltic pyroclastic flows, greatly modifying the summit crater. Source: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO) https://webdev.datec.net.pg/geohazards/category/volcanoes/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://webdev.datec.net.pg/geohazards/category/volcanoes/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvhg-Pb1gA$> Ongoing Activity Aira | Japan | 31.5772°N, 130.6589°E | Summit elev. 1117 m The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) during 25 November-2 December. Nightly crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. Small eruptive events were recorded on 25 and 30 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters. Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the caldera, along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim and built an island that was joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit cone ended about 4,850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minamidake. Frequent eruptions since the 8th century have deposited ash on the city of Kagoshima, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest recorded eruption took place during 1471-76. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvju7RlYsw$> Dukono | Indonesia | 1.6992°N, 127.8783°E | Summit elev. 1273 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 27 November-2 December. Emissions were not visible on 27 November. Daily gray-and-white ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose as high as 1.2 km above the summit and drifted NW, W, and SE during the rest of the week. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 3-km exclusion zone. Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have occurred since 1933. During a major eruption in 1550 CE, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the N-flank Gunung Mamuya cone. This complex volcano presents a broad, low profile with multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been active during historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvjQIWXuQQ$> Ebeko | Russia | 50.686°N, 156.014°E | Summit elev. 1103 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that moderate activity was ongoing at Ebeko during 21-28 November. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E), explosions on 23 November generated ash plumes that rose as high as 2 km (6,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images on 27 November; weather conditions prevented views on the other days. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The flat-topped summit of the central cone of Ebeko volcano, one of the most active in the Kuril Islands, occupies the northern end of Paramushir Island. Three summit craters located along a SSW-NNE line form Ebeko volcano proper, at the northern end of a complex of five volcanic cones. Blocky lava flows extend west from Ebeko and SE from the neighboring Nezametnyi cone. The eastern part of the southern crater contains strong solfataras and a large boiling spring. The central crater is filled by a lake about 20 m deep whose shores are lined with steaming solfataras; the northern crater lies across a narrow, low barrier from the central crater and contains a small, cold crescentic lake. Historical activity, recorded since the late-18th century, has been restricted to small-to-moderate explosive eruptions from the summit craters. Intense fumarolic activity occurs in the summit craters, on the outer flanks of the cone, and in lateral explosion craters. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvjScA02vg$> Fuego | Guatemala | 14.473°N, 90.88°W | Summit elev. 3763 m The Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) reported that eruptive activity continued at Fuego during 26 November-3 December. Daily explosions were recorded by the seismic network at rates of 4-13 per hour. The explosions generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose over 1 km above the summit and drifted as far as 50 km SW and W. During dark hours on most days incandescent ejecta from explosions was visible rising as high as 400 m above the summit. The explosions generated block avalanches that mostly descended the Las Lajas (SE), Seca (W), Taniluya (SSW), and Ceniza (SSW) drainages, but occasionally descended all flanks, and sometimes reached vegetated areas. Rumbling sounds and shock waves from explosions were occasionally reported. Ashfall was reported in Panimache I and II (8 km SW), Morelia (10 km SW), Santa Sofia (12 km SW), Yepocápa (8 km NW), El Porvenir (8 km ENE), Finca Palo Verde, Pochuta (24 km WNW), and Patulul (30 km W) on a few of the days and forecasted for areas downwind on the other days. Geologic Summary. Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active volcanoes, is also one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice, Meseta, lies between Fuego and Acatenango to the north. Construction of Meseta dates back to about 230,000 years and continued until the late Pleistocene or early Holocene. Collapse of Meseta may have produced the massive Escuintla debris-avalanche deposit, which extends about 50 km onto the Pacific coastal plain. Growth of the modern Fuego volcano followed, continuing the southward migration of volcanism that began at the mostly andesitic Acatenango. Eruptions at Fuego have become more mafic with time, and most historical activity has produced basaltic rocks. Frequent vigorous historical eruptions have been recorded since the onset of the Spanish era in 1524, and have produced major ashfalls, along with occasional pyroclastic flows and lava flows. Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvifIouUpQ$> Great Sitkin | United States | 52.076°N, 176.13°W | Summit elev. 1740 m The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick lava flow in Great Sitkinâ??s summit crater during 26 November-3 December. The flow had filled most of the summit crater with minor advancement along the N margins. The local seismic network continued to detect small earthquakes associated with the ongoing eruption. Weather clouds obscured webcam and satellite views of the summit most of the week, though weakly elevated surface temperatures were identified in satellite images on 26 November and a small steam plume from the summit was visible in satellite images during 30 November-1 December. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side of Great Sitkin Island. A younger volcano capped by a small, 0.8 x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure that truncated an older edifice and produced a submarine debris avalanche. Deposits from this and an even older debris avalanche from a source to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano. The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp. Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano. Eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://avo.alaska.edu/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvhM6L3_xw$> Karymsky | Russia | 54.049°N, 159.443°E | Summit elev. 1513 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 21-28 November. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images on 23, 25, and 28 November; weather conditions prevented views on the other days. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700 radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvjScA02vg$> Manam | Papua New Guinea | 4.08°S, 145.037°E | Summit elev. 1807 m The Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) reported that ash emissions from Manam were identified in satellite images during 29 November-1 December rising 2.4-3 km (8,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting NW and W. Weather clouds occasionally obscured or partially obscured views. Geologic Summary. The 10-km-wide island of Manam, lying 13 km off the northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea, is one of the country's most active volcanoes. Four large radial valleys extend from the unvegetated summit of the conical basaltic-andesitic stratovolcano to its lower flanks. These valleys channel lava flows and pyroclastic avalanches that have sometimes reached the coast. Five small satellitic centers are located near the island's shoreline on the northern, southern, and western sides. Two summit craters are present; both are active, although most observed eruptions have originated from the southern crater, concentrating eruptive products during much of the past century into the SE valley. Frequent eruptions, typically of mild-to-moderate scale, have been recorded since 1616. Occasional larger eruptions have produced pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached flat-lying coastal areas and entered the sea, sometimes impacting populated areas. Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvj5fg97sQ$> Marapi | Indonesia | 0.38°S, 100.474°E | Summit elev. 2885 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) reported declining activity at Marapi. During 23-30 November white plumes rose 100-150 m above the summit. Two eruptive events were recorded by the seismic network on 29 November, but weather clouds prevented visual observations; any ejecta likely fell near the crater. Earthquake signals indicating eruption events were rarely being recorded and signals indicating emissions were declining. The number of deep volcanic earthquakes was lower compared to the previous week and other seismic indicators showed stability. RSAM values fluctuated around baseline levels. No deformation during 15-27 November was detected using InSAR or data from the Batupalano Station tiltmeter. Sulfur dioxide emissions measured from satellite were low at 57 tons per day on 24 November. In general monitoring data and activity levels fluctuated but declined overall. The Alert Level was lowered to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) at 1500 on 1 December, and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the active crater. Geologic Summary. Gunung Marapi, not to be confused with the better-known Merapi volcano on Java, is Sumatra's most active volcano. This massive complex stratovolcano rises 2,000 m above the Bukittinggi Plain in the Padang Highlands. A broad summit contains multiple partially overlapping summit craters constructed within the small 1.4-km-wide Bancah caldera. The summit craters are located along an ENE-WSW line, with volcanism migrating to the west. More than 50 eruptions, typically consisting of small-to-moderate explosive activity, have been recorded since the end of the 18th century; no lava flows outside the summit craters have been reported in historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvjQIWXuQQ$> Merapi | Indonesia | 7.54°S, 110.446°E | Summit elev. 2910 m The Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 22-28 November. Seismicity was higher compared to the previous week. The SW lava dome produced 105 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 1.7 km down the Bebeng drainage on the SW flank. Morphological changes to the SW lava dome resulted from continuing effusion and collapses of material. The volume of the SW dome was an estimated 3,177,100 cubic meters based a 21 November analysis of webcam images. The volume of the main crater was stable at an estimated 2,361,800 cubic meters. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location. Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused many fatalities. Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvj0y5HOHQ$> Popocatepetl | Mexico | 19.023°N, 98.622°W | Summit elev. 5393 m The Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres (CENAPRED) reported that eruptive activity continued at Popocatépetl during 26 November-3 December. The seismic network recorded 16-51 long-period events per day that were accompanied by steam-and-gas emissions sometimes containing minor amounts of ash. The seismic network also recorded daily tremor, sometimes characterized as low-amplitude and/or high-frequency, with periods lasting 11 minutes to as long as nearly nine hours. Notable eruptive events at 0510 and 0630 on 1 December ejected material onto the upper flanks. According to the Washington VAAC ash plumes were visible in webcam and satellite images during 27-30 November, 1 December, and 3 December rising 5.8-6.1 km (19,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting mostly SW, W, and NW. The Alert Level remained at Yellow, Phase Two (the middle level on a three-color scale) and the public was warned to stay 12 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. Volcán Popocatépetl, whose name is the Aztec word for smoking mountain, rises 70 km SE of Mexico City to form North America's 2nd-highest volcano. The glacier-clad stratovolcano contains a steep-walled, 400 x 600 m wide crater. The generally symmetrical volcano is modified by the sharp-peaked Ventorrillo on the NW, a remnant of an earlier volcano. At least three previous major cones were destroyed by gravitational failure during the Pleistocene, producing massive debris-avalanche deposits covering broad areas to the south. The modern volcano was constructed south of the late-Pleistocene to Holocene El Fraile cone. Three major Plinian eruptions, the most recent of which took place about 800 CE, have occurred since the mid-Holocene, accompanied by pyroclastic flows and voluminous lahars that swept basins below the volcano. Frequent historical eruptions, first recorded in Aztec codices, have occurred since Pre-Columbian time. Sources: Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres (CENAPRED) https://www.gob.mx/cenapred <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.gob.mx/cenapred__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbviwSZuWKQ$> ; Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvgIO2w94w$> Santa Maria | Guatemala | 14.757°N, 91.552°W | Summit elev. 3745 m The Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Santa Mariaâ??s Santiaguito dome complex during 19 November-3 December with continuing lava extrusion at Caliente dome. Daily explosions, as many as 11 per hour when reported, generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 900 m above the dome and drifted W, SW, S, and SE. Effusion of blocky lava and collapses of material produced block avalanches that descended the SE, S, and SW flanks; the avalanches could sometimes be heard in areas several kilometers away. Collapsed material produced short pyroclastic flows on a few of the days. Incandescence at the crater was sometimes visible during dark hours. Ashfall was reported on a few of the days in areas downwind including on farms to the SW, Monte Bello, Las MarÃas (10 km S), San Marcos (10 km SW), El Faro (7 km S), Finca El Patrocinio (9 km SSW), San Felipe Retalhuleu (27 km SSW), Paulownia, Palajunoj (17 km SSW), and surrounding areas. Geologic Summary. Symmetrical, forest-covered Santa MarÃa volcano is part of a chain of large stratovolcanoes that rise above the Pacific coastal plain of Guatemala. The sharp-topped, conical profile is cut on the SW flank by a 1.5-km-wide crater. The oval-shaped crater extends from just below the summit to the lower flank, and was formed during a catastrophic eruption in 1902. The renowned Plinian eruption of 1902 that devastated much of SW Guatemala followed a long repose period after construction of the large basaltic-andesite stratovolcano. The massive dacitic Santiaguito lava-dome complex has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater since 1922. Compound dome growth at Santiaguito has occurred episodically from four vents, with activity progressing E towards the most recent, Caliente. Dome growth has been accompanied by almost continuous minor explosions, with periodic lava extrusion, larger explosions, pyroclastic flows, and lahars. Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvifIouUpQ$> Semeru | Indonesia | 8.108°S, 112.922°E | Summit elev. 3657 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 27 November-3 December with several daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Daily white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose as high as 1 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards. Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru (Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas. A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that have reached the lower flanks of the volcano. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvjQIWXuQQ$> Sheveluch | Russia | 56.653°N, 161.36°E | Summit elev. 3283 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that lava extrusion may have continued at Sheveluchâ??s â??300 years of RASâ?? dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the dome at Young Sheveluch during 21-28 November. Daily thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1,300 km3 andesitic volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures, with at least 60 large eruptions during the Holocene. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes occur on its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large open caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvjScA02vg$> Slamet | Indonesia | 7.242°S, 109.208°E | Summit elev. 3428 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported increased seismicity at Slamet in a 29 November press release. An increase in the number of deep volcanic earthquakes in May was followed by increases in the numbers of low-frequency earthquakes and earthquakes indicating emissions during May-August, more frequent shallow volcanic earthquakes during June-July, and increased tremor amplitude during late September. Earthquakes indicating emissions, low-frequency earthquakes, non-harmonic tremor, and continuous tremor continued to be recorded during November. A non-harmonic tremor signal recorded during 0735-0746 on 28 November was followed by an increase in the amplitude of continuous tremor. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the summit. Geologic Summary. Slamet is one of Java's most active volcanoes. It has a cluster of about three dozen cinder cones on its lower SE-NE flanks and a single cinder cone on the W flank. It is composed of two overlapping edifices, an older basaltic-andesite to andesitic volcano on the west and a younger basaltic to basaltic-andesite one on the east. Gunung Malang II cinder cone on the upper E flank on the younger edifice fed a lava flow that extends 6 km E. Four craters occur at the summit of Gunung Slamet, with activity migrating to the SW over time. Eruptions recorded since the 18th century have originated from a 150-m-deep, 450-m-wide, steep-walled crater at the western part of the summit and have consisted of explosive eruptions generally lasting a few days to a few weeks. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvjQIWXuQQ$> Suwanosejima | Japan | 29.638°N, 129.714°E | Summit elev. 796 m The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 25 November-2 December. Crater incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. An explosion was recorded at 0127 on 28 November; no details of emissions were provided. Eruptive events at 2133 on 30 November and then at 0652 and 1053 on 1 December produced ash plumes that rose 1.2-1.3 km above the crater rim and drifted SE on the 30th and remained above the summit on the 1st. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long island of Suwanosejima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea on the E flank that was formed by edifice collapse. One of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, it was in a state of intermittent Strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, between 1949 and 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest recorded eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits covered residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed, forming a large debris avalanche and creating an open collapse scarp extending to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbvju7RlYsw$> Taal | Philippines | 14.0106°N, 120.9975°E | Summit elev. 311 m The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing eruptive activity at Taal during 26 November-3 December. Emissions generally rose 500-600 m above the crater rim and drifted W and SW. Two phreatic events during 28-29 November, each 5-6 minutes long, produced emissions that rose 1.2-1.5 km above the crater rim. There were two volcanic earthquakes recorded by the seismic network on 27 November and 26 volcanic earthquakes including a two-minute period of tremor on 28 November. Zero to four volcanic earthquakes and periods of volcanic tremor lasting 2-6 minutes were recorded on the other days of the week. Sulfur dioxide gas flux averaged 6,307 and 7,216 tonnes per day (t/d) on 27 and 30 November, respectively; the monthly average was 5,283 (t/d). A minor phreatomagmatic eruption occurred at 0558 on 3 December and lasted four minutes based on monitoring data and webcam views. Jets of dark material rose 600 m and gas, steam, and ash plumes rose 2.8 km above the island and drifted WSW. Trace amounts of ashfall were reported in Poblacion (10-19 km SW), Agoncillo (8 km WSW), and Buso-buso (8 km W). PHIVOLCS noted that increased gas emissions had been recorded the past month and localized inflation on Taal Volcano Island has been detected since September, though volcanic earthquake levels have been low. The phreatomagmatic event was likely driven by the interaction of water with a small batch of shallow magma that has been degassing for the past three years. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5), and PHIVOLCS reminded the public that the entire Taal Volcano Island was a Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and recommended that the Main Crater and areas along the Daang Kastila fissure should remain prohibited. Geologic Summary. Taal is one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines and has produced some powerful eruptions. The 15 x 20 km Talisay (Taal) caldera is largely filled by Lake Taal, whose 267 km2 surface lies only 3 m above sea level. The maximum depth of the lake is 160 m, with several submerged eruptive centers. The 5-km-wide Volcano Island in north-central Lake Taal is the location of all observed eruptions. The island is composed of coalescing small stratovolcanoes, tuff rings, and scoria cones. Powerful pyroclastic flows and surges have caused many fatalities. Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!a658PkAA7G6IOUOZCM4g3IZHmkN7NSJ-rayODHSkId9sgVjYRm-tMOOfOlWMcd8E6gZbWH46ExjsYrnsbviCyTTi5g$> 9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9 ============================================================== Volcano Listserv is a collaborative venture among Arizona State University (ASU), Portland State University (PSU), the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, and the International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). 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