7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7 From: "Marlow, JoAnna" <MarlowJ@xxxxxx> Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 30 October-5 November 2024 Sally Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx) Zac Hastings - contributor (zhastings@xxxxxxxx) JoAnna Marlow - contributor (jmarlow@xxxxxxxx) URL: https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BkcLnCd1w$> New Activity/Unrest: Iya, Indonesia | Kama'ehuakanaloa, United States | Lewotobi, Indonesia | Taal, Philippines Ongoing Activity: Aira, Japan | Ambrym, Vanuatu | Dukono, Indonesia | Ebeko, Russia | Fuego, Guatemala | Great Sitkin, United States | Ibu, Indonesia | Kanlaon, Philippines | Karymsky, Russia | Lewotolok, Indonesia | Manam, Papua New Guinea | Marapi, Indonesia | Merapi, Indonesia | Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia | Rabaul, Papua New Guinea | Ruapehu, New Zealand | Sabancaya, Peru | Santa Maria, Guatemala | Semeru, Indonesia | Sheveluch, Russia | Suwanosejima, Japan The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. New Activity/Unrest Iya | Indonesia | 8.891°S, 121.641°E | Summit elev. 618 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that daily white emissions at Iya rose as high as 350 m above the cater rim and drifted in several directions during 30 October-5 November. At 1800 on 5 November the Alert Level increased from 2 to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) due to increased seismic activity, and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the active crater area in all directions and 5 km away to the south. Geologic Summary. Gunung Iya is the southernmost of a group of three volcanoes comprising a small peninsula south of the city of Ende on central Flores Island. The cones to the north, Rooja and Pui, appear to be slightly older and have not shown historical activity, although Pui has a youthful profile (a reported 1671 eruption of Pui was considered to have originated from Iya volcano). Iya, whose truncated southern side drops steeply to the sea, has had numerous moderate explosive eruptions during historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BmvNWxibQ$> Kama'ehuakanaloa | United States | 18.92°N, 155.27°W | Summit elev. -975 m HVO reported that Kamaehuakanaloa volcano (formerly Loihi Seamount), located offshore SE of the Island of Hawaii, began a period of heightened seismic unrest at around 1800 on 1 November. A swarm of more than 70 earthquakes occurred, with 32 events being greater than M 2.0 and two events greater than M 4.0. The largest earthquake, a M 4.3 event, occurred at 1205 on 2 November at a depth of 5.8 km (3.6 miles) below sea level and 4.8 km (3.0 miles) below the summit. There was only one report of someone feeling the earthquake. Seismic activity slightly declined later that day around midnight, though it remains above background levels as of 2 November. The Alert Level remained at Unassigned and the Aviation Color Code remained Unassigned as well. Geologic Summary. The Kamaâ??ehuakanaloa seamount, previously known as Loihi, lies about 35 km off the SE coast of the island of Hawaii. This youngest volcano of the Hawaiian chain has an elongated morphology dominated by two curving rift zones extending north and south of the summit. The summit region contains a caldera about 3 x 4 km and exhibits numerous lava cones, the highest of which is about 975 m below the ocean surface. The summit platform also includes two well-defined pit craters, sediment-free glassy lava, and low-temperature hydrothermal venting. An arcuate chain of small cones on the western edge of the summit extends north and south of the pit craters and merges into the crests prominent rift zones. Seismicity indicates a magmatic system distinct from that of Kilauea. During 1996 a new pit crater formed at the summit, and lava flows were erupted. Continued volcanism is expected to eventually build a new island; time estimates for the summit to reach the ocean surface range from roughly 10,000 to 100,000 years. Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hans-public/notice/DOI-USGS-HVO-2024-11-02T22:41:27 <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hans-public/notice/DOI-USGS-HVO-2024-11-02T22:41:27__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BmmID4Q1A$> 00:00 Lewotobi | Indonesia | 8.542°S, 122.775°E | Summit elev. 1703 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity intensified at Lewotobi Laki-laki during 30 October-5 November, which included a major eruption resulting in fatalities. The large explosive eruption began at 2357 on 3 November, generating pyroclastic flows that traveled down the flanks in all directions, ejecting ballistic projectiles, and forming a large vent within the summit crater. Seismic data indicated that the explosion lasted about 24 minutes, until 0021 on 4 November. Darkness prevented direct ash plume observations, but the Darwin VAAC issued an aviation advisory for ash to 12 km altitude (10.3 km above the summit) based on infrared data from the HIMAWARI-9 satellite. Within 3 minutes of the eruption onset, at 0000 on 4 November, the Alert Level was raised to Level 4 (the highest on a four-level scale), the Aviation Color Code was elevated from Orange to Red (the highest on a four-color scale), and the hazard exclusion zone was expanded to a 7-km radius around both the Laki-laki and Perempuan craters. The BNPB Operations Control Center (Pusdalops) reported at 0745 on 5 November that nine people had died as a result of the eruption, another person was in critical condition, and 63 has serious or minor injuries. At least six of those who died came from Klatanlo Village, 3 km NW of the summit. As many as 10,295 people, or 2,734 families, were evacuated to unaffected areas 15-20 km from the volcano. Many areas were covered in ash, incandescent ejecta started fires in residential areas, and homes were damaged within a 7-km radius. There were six villages affected in Wulanggitang District (Pululera, Nawokote, Hokeng Jaya, Klatanlo, Boru, and Boru Kedang), four villages in the Ile Bura District (Dulipali, Nobo, Nurabelen, and Riang Rita), and four villages in the Titehena District (Konga, Kobasoma, Bokang Wolomatang, and Watowara). Multiple impact craters from ballistic ejecta were discovered, with the furthest reported at 7 km; one at an unreported location measured approximately 13 m wide and 3 m deep. Ash from the eruptions disrupted airspace navigation around Fransiskus Xaverius Seda Airport, Soa Airport, Haji Hasan Aroeboesman Airport, Frans Sales Lega Airport, Komodo International Airport, Gewayantana Airport, Wunopito Airport, and Kabir Airport, which led to the cancellation of several flights. By 1600 on 4 November, all airports resumed flights, except for Komodo International Airport, which remained closed until 0630 on 5 November. Explosions continued on 4 November, with five events producing ash plumes that reached at least 300 m above the summit and incandescent material visible in nighttime webcam images. A total of three explosions were recorded on 5 November, which produced ash plumes that rose to 1 km above the summit. Prior to the major 3-4 November events, eight explosions recorded during 30-31 October produced ash plumes that reached approximately 1 km above the summit. On 1 November, PVMBG reported a significant increase in the number of deep volcanic earthquakes, and another eight explosions generated ash plumes that reached approximately 2 km above the summit. Explosive activity continued to increase, with Strombolian explosions at 0250 and 0420 generating eruption columns that reached 1.5-2 km above the summit; lightning was observed within the eruption columns. No explosions were recorded between 2359 on 1 November and 2357 on 3 November, although seismicity remained elevated. Geologic Summary. The Lewotobi edifice in eastern Flores Island is composed of the two adjacent Lewotobi Laki-laki and Lewotobi Perempuan stratovolcanoes (the "husband and wife"). Their summits are less than 2 km apart along a NW-SE line. The conical Laki-laki to the NW has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Perempuan has had observed eruptions in 1921 and 1935. Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in both of the summit craters, which are open to the north. A prominent cone, Iliwokar, occurs on the E flank of Perampuan. Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://magma.esdm.go.id/v1/gunung-api/laporan/search/q?code=LWK <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://magma.esdm.go.id/v1/gunung-api/laporan/search/q?code=LWK__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7Bn5YoHr0A$> ; Antara News https://en.antaranews.com/news/332981/airport-authorities-urged-to-monitor-mt-lewotobis-volcanic-ash <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://en.antaranews.com/news/332981/airport-authorities-urged-to-monitor-mt-lewotobis-volcanic-ash__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BkqIAf16w$> ; Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BkW-a_I3w$> ; Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) http://www.bnpb.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bnpb.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7Bk_4BEZCg$> ; Radio Republik Indonesia https://www.rri.co.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.rri.co.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BkgdNJOsQ$> Taal | Philippines | 14.0106°N, 120.9975°E | Summit elev. 311 m The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported daily volcanic earthquakes and occasional volcanic tremor events at Taal that lasted 4-14 minutes at a time. Weak-to-voluminous emissions rose as high as 2.7 km above the crater and drifted several directions. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5), and PHIVOLCS reminded the public that the entire Taal Volcano Island was a Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and recommended that the Main Crater and areas along the Daang Kastila fissure should remain prohibited. Geologic Summary. Taal is one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines and has produced some powerful eruptions. The 15 x 20 km Talisay (Taal) caldera is largely filled by Lake Taal, whose 267 km2 surface lies only 3 m above sea level. The maximum depth of the lake is 160 m, with several submerged eruptive centers. The 5-km-wide Volcano Island in north-central Lake Taal is the location of all observed eruptions. The island is composed of coalescing small stratovolcanoes, tuff rings, and scoria cones. Powerful pyroclastic flows and surges have caused many fatalities. Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BmvCfladg$> Ongoing Activity Aira | Japan | 31.5772°N, 130.6589°E | Summit elev. 1117 m The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) during 28 October-4 November. Nightly crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. Very small eruptive events were recorded and on 1 November at 0818 an explosion generated an ash plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim and drifted NW. Large blocks were ejected about 400 m from the crater toward the 9th station. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters. Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the caldera, along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim and built an island that was joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit cone ended about 4,850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minamidake. Frequent eruptions since the 8th century have deposited ash on the city of Kagoshima, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest recorded eruption took place during 1471-76. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BkJ3Arp4w$> Ambrym | Vanuatu | 16.25°S, 168.12°E | Summit elev. 1334 m On 1 November, the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-Hazards Department (VMGD) reported ongoing fumarolic activity at Ambrym from both Benbow and Marum craters based on webcam images, as well as satellite images acquired on 31 October. Satellite images also indicated moderate thermal anomalies. Incandescence was observed during the night of 31 October, and seismic activity continued. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5). VMGD warned the public to stay outside of Permanent Danger Zone A, defined as a 1-km radius around Benbow Crater and a 2-km radius around Marum Crater, and to stay 500 m away from the ground cracks created by the December 2018 eruption. Geologic Summary. Ambrym, a large basaltic volcano with a 12-km-wide caldera, is one of the most active volcanoes of the New Hebrides Arc. A thick, almost exclusively pyroclastic sequence, initially dacitic then basaltic, overlies lava flows of a pre-caldera shield volcano. The caldera was formed during a major Plinian eruption with dacitic pyroclastic flows about 1,900 years ago. Post-caldera eruptions, primarily from Marum and Benbow cones, have partially filled the caldera floor and produced lava flows that ponded on the floor or overflowed through gaps in the caldera rim. Post-caldera eruptions have also formed a series of scoria cones and maars along a fissure system oriented ENE-WSW. Eruptions have apparently occurred almost yearly during historical time from cones within the caldera or from flank vents. However, from 1850 to 1950, reporting was mostly limited to extra-caldera eruptions that would have affected local populations. Source: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) https://www.facebook.com/100064352094886/posts/959012416253819/?mibextid=WC7FNe <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.facebook.com/100064352094886/posts/959012416253819/?mibextid=WC7FNe__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BkP_1YrcA$> Dukono | Indonesia | 1.6992°N, 127.8783°E | Summit elev. 1273 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that explosive activity continued at Dukono during 30 October-5 November. Emissions were observed daily; white-and-gray emissions rose as high as 800 m above the summit. Seismicity included volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes, continuous tremor, and 187-248 daily explosion events. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (the second level on a four-level scale), and the public was warned to stay outside of the 3-km exclusion zone. Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have occurred since 1933. During a major eruption in 1550 CE, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the N-flank Gunung Mamuya cone. This complex volcano presents a broad, low profile with multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been active during historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://magma.esdm.go.id/v1/gunung-api/laporan/search/q?code=DUK <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://magma.esdm.go.id/v1/gunung-api/laporan/search/q?code=DUK__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7Bnguw-GXw$> Ebeko | Russia | 50.686°N, 156.014°E | Summit elev. 1103 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that moderate explosive activity was ongoing at Ebeko during 24-31 October. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E), explosions on 25 October generated ash plumes that rose as high as 2.0 km (~6,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE. Satellite data indicated that either no activity was observed, or weather conditions prevented views. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The flat-topped summit of the central cone of Ebeko volcano, one of the most active in the Kuril Islands, occupies the northern end of Paramushir Island. Three summit craters located along a SSW-NNE line form Ebeko volcano proper, at the northern end of a complex of five volcanic cones. Blocky lava flows extend west from Ebeko and SE from the neighboring Nezametnyi cone. The eastern part of the southern crater contains strong solfataras and a large boiling spring. The central crater is filled by a lake about 20 m deep whose shores are lined with steaming solfataras; the northern crater lies across a narrow, low barrier from the central crater and contains a small, cold crescentic lake. Historical activity, recorded since the late-18th century, has been restricted to small-to-moderate explosive eruptions from the summit craters. Intense fumarolic activity occurs in the summit craters, on the outer flanks of the cone, and in lateral explosion craters. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7Bmip1DQiA$> Fuego | Guatemala | 14.473°N, 90.88°W | Summit elev. 3763 m Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) reported that eruptive activity continued at Fuego during 30 October-5 November. Daily explosions were recorded by the seismic network at rates of 3-11 per hour. The explosions generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose over 1 km above the summit and drifted as far as 30 km SW and W. Weak-to-moderate rumbling sounds and shock waves from explosions were occasionally reported. The explosions also generated weak-to-moderate block avalanches around the crater and often descended toward the Las Lajas (SE), Seca (W), Taniluya (SSW), and Ceniza (SSW) drainages and sometimes reaching vegetated areas. On most days, explosions ejected incandescent material up to 350 m above the summit. Ashfall was reported in Panimache (8 km SW), Morelia (10 km SW), Santa Sofia (12 km SW), Yucales (12 km SW), and other nearby communities on 31 October, and in Panimache (8 km SW), Morelia (10 km SW), Finca la Asunción (12 km SW), Ozuna (12 km SW), La Rochela (8 km SW) and Ceilán (9 km S) on 5 November. Geologic Summary. Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active volcanoes, is also one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice, Meseta, lies between Fuego and Acatenango to the north. Construction of Meseta dates back to about 230,000 years and continued until the late Pleistocene or early Holocene. Collapse of Meseta may have produced the massive Escuintla debris-avalanche deposit, which extends about 50 km onto the Pacific coastal plain. Growth of the modern Fuego volcano followed, continuing the southward migration of volcanism that began at the mostly andesitic Acatenango. Eruptions at Fuego have become more mafic with time, and most historical activity has produced basaltic rocks. Frequent vigorous historical eruptions have been recorded since the onset of the Spanish era in 1524, and have produced major ashfalls, along with occasional pyroclastic flows and lava flows. Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BlzKkr89w$> Great Sitkin | United States | 52.076°N, 176.13°W | Summit elev. 1740 m The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick lava flow in Great Sitkinâ??s summit crater during 31 October-5 November. The lava flow had filled most of the summit crater with minor advancement in the northern part of the east lobe. The local seismic network continued to detect small earthquakes associated with the ongoing eruption. Weather clouds often obscured webcam and satellite views of the summit, but on clear days steaming and elevated surface temperatures were observed. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side of Great Sitkin Island. A younger volcano capped by a small, 0.8 x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure that truncated an older edifice and produced a submarine debris avalanche. Deposits from this and an even older debris avalanche from a source to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano. The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp. Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano. Eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://avo.alaska.edu/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7Bl4floDxw$> Ibu | Indonesia | 1.488°N, 127.63°E | Summit elev. 1325 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that explosive activity continued at Ibu during 30 October-5 November. Emissions were observed daily; white plumes rose as high as 300 m above the summit and ash plumes produced by explosion events rose as high as 800 m above the summit. Seismicity included harmonic tremor episodes, volcanic earthquakes, rockfall events, frequent gas emission signals, tornillo earthquakes, and 67-101 daily explosion events. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the third level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5 km away from the N crater wall opening. Geologic Summary. The truncated summit of Gunung Ibu stratovolcano along the NW coast of Halmahera Island has large nested summit craters. The inner crater, 1 km wide and 400 m deep, has contained several small crater lakes. The 1.2-km-wide outer crater is breached on the N, creating a steep-walled valley. A large cone grew ENE of the summit, and a smaller one to the WSW has fed a lava flow down the W flank. A group of maars is located below the N and W flanks. The first observed and recorded eruption was a small explosion from the summit crater in 1911. Eruptive activity began again in December 1998, producing a lava dome that eventually covered much of the floor of the inner summit crater along with ongoing explosive ash emissions. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://magma.esdm.go.id/v1/gunung-api/laporan/search/q?code=IBU <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://magma.esdm.go.id/v1/gunung-api/laporan/search/q?code=IBU__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BnGndNG1g$> Kanlaon | Philippines | 10.4096°N, 123.13°E | Summit elev. 2422 m The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing unrest at Kanlaon during 30 October-5 November. The seismic network recorded daily volcanic earthquakes, but between 0000 and 1030 on 31 October a total of 64 volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes were recorded with maximum magnitude of M 2.9 concentrated 2-8 km beneath the W flanks of the volcano. Sulfur dioxide emissions ranged from 2,066 to 7,087 tonnes per day. On most days voluminous emissions with intermittent ash were observed rising as high as 900 m above the summit and drifting several directions. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5) and PHIVOLCS reminded the public to remain outside of the 4-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone and warned pilots not to fly close to the volcano. Geologic Summary. Kanlaon volcano (also spelled Canlaon) forms the highest point on the Philippine island of Negros. The massive andesitic stratovolcano is covered with fissure-controlled pyroclastic cones and craters, many of which are filled by lakes. The largest debris avalanche known in the Philippines traveled 33 km SW from Kanlaon. The summit contains a 2-km-wide, elongated northern caldera with a crater lake and a smaller but higher active vent, Lugud crater, to the south. Eruptions recorded since 1866 have typically consisted of phreatic explosions of small-to-moderate size that produce minor local ashfall. Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BmvCfladg$> Karymsky | Russia | 54.049°N, 159.443°E | Summit elev. 1513 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 24-31 October. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images on 27 October; the volcano was quiet or weather clouds obscured views on the other days. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700 radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7Bmip1DQiA$> Lewotolok | Indonesia | 8.274°S, 123.508°E | Summit elev. 1431 m Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported continued unrest at Lewotolok during 30 October-5 November. White emissions were observed daily, reaching heights of up to 300 m above the summit. Seismicity included frequent gas emission signals, volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes, and volcanic earthquakes. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the vent and 2.5 km away on the S, SE, and W flanks. Geologic Summary. The Lewotolok (or Lewotolo) stratovolcano occupies the eastern end of an elongated peninsula extending north into the Flores Sea, connected to Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island by a narrow isthmus. It is symmetrical when viewed from the north and east. A small cone with a 130-m-wide crater constructed at the SE side of a larger crater forms the volcano's high point. Many lava flows have reached the coastline. Eruptions recorded since 1660 have consisted of explosive activity from the summit crater. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://magma.esdm.go.id/v1/gunung-api/laporan/search/q?code=LEW <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://magma.esdm.go.id/v1/gunung-api/laporan/search/q?code=LEW__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7Bm06o4Ndw$> Manam | Papua New Guinea | 4.08°S, 145.037°E | Summit elev. 1807 m The Darwin VAAC reported that continuous ash emissions from Manam were observed in satellite images acquired by HIMAWARI-9 on 30 October, rising to approximately 2.1 km (7,000 ft) above sea level, dispersing E and SE, and dissipating by 1930 UTC on the same day. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. Geologic Summary. The 10-km-wide island of Manam, lying 13 km off the northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea, is one of the country's most active volcanoes. Four large radial valleys extend from the unvegetated summit of the conical basaltic-andesitic stratovolcano to its lower flanks. These valleys channel lava flows and pyroclastic avalanches that have sometimes reached the coast. Five small satellitic centers are located near the island's shoreline on the northern, southern, and western sides. Two summit craters are present; both are active, although most observed eruptions have originated from the southern crater, concentrating eruptive products during much of the past century into the SE valley. Frequent eruptions, typically of mild-to-moderate scale, have been recorded since 1616. Occasional larger eruptions have produced pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached flat-lying coastal areas and entered the sea, sometimes impacting populated areas. Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BkW-a_I3w$> Marapi | Indonesia | 0.38°S, 100.474°E | Summit elev. 2885 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Marapi (on Sumatra) was ongoing during 30 October-6 November. During 30 October-5 November daily white emissions rose as high as 300 m above the summit and drifted several directions. At 0544 on 6 November ash emissions rose 1.5 km above the summit. At 1500 that day the Alert Level was raised from 2 to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) due to increased seismicity and emissions and the public was warned to stay 4.5 km from the summit crater. Geologic Summary. Gunung Marapi, not to be confused with the better-known Merapi volcano on Java, is Sumatra's most active volcano. This massive complex stratovolcano rises 2,000 m above the Bukittinggi Plain in the Padang Highlands. A broad summit contains multiple partially overlapping summit craters constructed within the small 1.4-km-wide Bancah caldera. The summit craters are located along an ENE-WSW line, with volcanism migrating to the west. More than 50 eruptions, typically consisting of small-to-moderate explosive activity, have been recorded since the end of the 18th century; no lava flows outside the summit craters have been reported in historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BmvNWxibQ$> Merapi | Indonesia | 7.54°S, 110.446°E | Summit elev. 2910 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 30 October-5 November. The SW lava dome produced 99 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 2.0 km down the Bebeng drainage on the SW flank. On 3 November one pyroclastic flow was recorded by the seismic network. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location. Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused many fatalities. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BmvNWxibQ$> Nevado del Ruiz | Colombia | 4.892°N, 75.324°W | Summit elev. 5279 m Servicio Geológico Colombianoâ??s (SGC) Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Manizales reported that eruptive activity at Nevado del Ruiz continued during 30 October-5 November. The number of seismic events associated with fluid movement increased in both magnitude and number compared to the previous week, especially from seismic signals related to pulsating ash emissions, but were variable between low and moderate levels throughout the week. Webcam images confirmed ash emissions associated with some of these events. At 0220 on 30 November an ash emission rose 1.8 km above the crater and drifted NE, E, and NW. Ashfall and sulfur odor was reported in the Lagunilla River area to the E. Seismicity associated with rock fracturing increased in both magnitude and number compared to the previous week, with depths less than 8 km below the summit. The largest event was M 2.5, recorded at 0055 on 30 October. Low-to-moderate thermal anomalies on the crater floor were identified in satellite data when weather permitted. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-level scale), and the public was warned to stay out of the restricted areas around Arenas Crater, not to spend long periods of time on the Murillo-Cerro Gualà Road, and to avoid drainages in the high-threat zones. Geologic Summary. Nevado del Ruiz is a broad, glacier-covered volcano in central Colombia that covers more than 200 km2. Three major edifices, composed of andesitic and dacitic lavas and andesitic pyroclastics, have been constructed since the beginning of the Pleistocene. The modern cone consists of a broad cluster of lava domes built within the caldera of an older edifice. The 1-km-wide, 240-m-deep Arenas crater occupies the summit. The prominent La Olleta pyroclastic cone located on the SW flank may also have been active in historical time. Steep headwalls of massive landslides cut the flanks. Melting of its summit icecap during historical eruptions, which date back to the 16th century, has resulted in devastating lahars, including one in 1985 that was South America's deadliest eruption. Source: Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC) https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BmMfooVkA$> Rabaul | Papua New Guinea | 4.2459°S, 152.1937°E | Summit elev. 688 m The Rabaul Volcano Observatory reported that activity at Rabaul Caldera remained at background levels during 1-31 October. Fumarolic activity produced thin, white emissions from small fumaroles on the crater floor and inner walls. Seismicity included 11 high-frequency volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes, with nine located at depths of 1-9 km, primarily near the Vulcan and Tavurvur vents. Deformation monitoring revealed ongoing inflation since January 2024, with a cumulative vertical displacement of about 7 cm. Temperature measurements of two hotspots within the crater remained below 50 degrees Celsius, which is consistent with background levels. The Alert Level remained at Stage 1 (the first level on a four-level scale). Geologic Summary. The low-lying Rabaul caldera on the tip of the Gazelle Peninsula at the NE end of New Britain forms a broad sheltered harbor utilized by what was the island's largest city prior to a major eruption in 1994. The outer flanks of the asymmetrical shield volcano are formed by thick pyroclastic-flow deposits. The 8 x 14 km caldera is widely breached on the east, where its floor is flooded by Blanche Bay and was formed about 1,400 years ago. An earlier caldera-forming eruption about 7,100 years ago is thought to have originated from Tavui caldera, offshore to the north. Three small stratovolcanoes lie outside the N and NE caldera rims. Post-caldera eruptions built basaltic-to-dacitic pyroclastic cones on the caldera floor near the NE and W caldera walls. Several of these, including Vulcan cone, which was formed during a large eruption in 1878, have produced major explosive activity during historical time. A powerful explosive eruption in 1994 occurred simultaneously from Vulcan and Tavurvur volcanoes and forced the temporary abandonment of Rabaul city. Source: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO) https://webdev.datec.net.pg/geohazards/category/volcanoes/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://webdev.datec.net.pg/geohazards/category/volcanoes/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BnU_2typg$> Ruapehu | New Zealand | 39.28°S, 175.57°E | Summit elev. 2797 m GeoNet reported that minor unrest continued at Ruapehu as of 31 October. Te Wai a-moe (Ruapehu Crater Lake) has remained cool; however, monitoring data suggests that a slow heating trend is underway. The crater lake water temperature has increased from 8 degrees Celsius to 10-11 degrees Celsius since mid-October. Gas monitoring sensors have recorded low to moderate levels of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions, while volcanic tremor signals have also remained low. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale from 0-5) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Green (the lowest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Ruapehu, one of New Zealand's most active volcanoes, is a complex stratovolcano constructed during at least four cone-building episodes dating back to about 200,000 years ago. The dominantly andesitic 110 km3 volcanic massif is elongated in a NNE-SSW direction and surrounded by another 100 km3 ring plain of volcaniclastic debris, including the NW-flank Murimoto debris-avalanche deposit. A series of subplinian eruptions took place between about 22,600 and 10,000 years ago, but pyroclastic flows have been infrequent. The broad summait area and flank contain at least six vents active during the Holocene. Frequent mild-to-moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded from the Te Wai a-Moe (Crater Lake) vent, and tephra characteristics suggest that the crater lake may have formed as recently as 3,000 years ago. Lahars resulting from phreatic eruptions at the summit crater lake are a hazard to a ski area on the upper flanks and lower river valleys. Source: GeoNet https://www.geonet.org.nz/vabs/2hWa22XOIOr7r3fjIWJVNj <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.geonet.org.nz/vabs/2hWa22XOIOr7r3fjIWJVNj__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BkHqXSuOw$> Sabancaya | Peru | 15.787°S, 71.857°W | Summit elev. 5960 m Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) reported that moderate levels of eruptive activity continued at Sabancaya during 28 October-3 November. A daily average of seven explosions were recorded, ejecting ash-and-gas emissions as high as 2.2 km above the summit. The emissions dispersed as far as 10 km in the SW, W, and NW directions. Seismicity included a total of 186 earthquakes associated with magma and gas movement, as well as earthquakes related to rock-fracturing processes inside or near the volcano. Slight inflation of the N sector of the volcano complex continued (near Nevado Hualca Hualca, located approximately 7 km N). Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions were classified as moderate, with an average of 745 tons per day. Additionally, a combined total of 24 thermal anomalies were detected in the area of the lava dome within the crater (with a maximum value of 4 MW). The Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale) and the public was advised to stay at least 12 km away from the summit crater in all directions. Geologic Summary. Sabancaya, located in the saddle NE of Ampato and SE of Hualca Hualca volcanoes, is the youngest of these volcanic centers and the only one to have erupted in historical time. The oldest of the three, Nevado Hualca Hualca, is of probable late-Pliocene to early Pleistocene age. The name Sabancaya (meaning "tongue of fire" in the Quechua language) first appeared in records in 1595 CE, suggesting activity prior to that date. Holocene activity has consisted of Plinian eruptions followed by emission of voluminous andesitic and dacitic lava flows, which form an extensive apron around the volcano on all sides but the south. Records of observed eruptions date back to 1750 CE. Source: Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) https://www.igp.gob.pe/servicios/centro-vulcanologico-nacional/sites/default/files/2020/boletin_sabancaya_202445.pdf <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.igp.gob.pe/servicios/centro-vulcanologico-nacional/sites/default/files/2020/boletin_sabancaya_202445.pdf__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BnXmN1AuA$> Santa Maria | Guatemala | 14.757°N, 91.552°W | Summit elev. 3745 m Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Santa Mariaâ??s Santiaguito cone during 30 October and 5 November with continuing lava extrusion at Caliente dome. Daily explosions (a few per hour) generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 1 km above the dome and drifted several directions. The explosions and emissions generated short pyroclastic density currents (PDC) during 30-31 October. Effusion of blocky lava and collapses of material produced block avalanches that descended the flanks. Incandescence was sometimes visible during dark hours from avalanches of material at the dome as well as explosions. Ashfall was reported in San Marcos (8 km SW), Lome Linda Palajunoj (7 km SW), Finca El Patrocinio on 31 October. Geologic Summary. Symmetrical, forest-covered Santa MarÃa volcano is part of a chain of large stratovolcanoes that rise above the Pacific coastal plain of Guatemala. The sharp-topped, conical profile is cut on the SW flank by a 1.5-km-wide crater. The oval-shaped crater extends from just below the summit to the lower flank, and was formed during a catastrophic eruption in 1902. The renowned Plinian eruption of 1902 that devastated much of SW Guatemala followed a long repose period after construction of the large basaltic-andesite stratovolcano. The massive dacitic Santiaguito lava-dome complex has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater since 1922. Compound dome growth at Santiaguito has occurred episodically from four vents, with activity progressing E towards the most recent, Caliente. Dome growth has been accompanied by almost continuous minor explosions, with periodic lava extrusion, larger explosions, pyroclastic flows, and lahars. Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BlzKkr89w$> Semeru | Indonesia | 8.108°S, 112.922°E | Summit elev. 3657 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 30 October-5 November with several daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 100-900 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Weather conditions sometimes prevented views of the summit. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards. Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru (Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas. A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that have reached the lower flanks of the volcano. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BmvNWxibQ$> Sheveluch | Russia | 56.653°N, 161.36°E | Summit elev. 3283 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that during 24-31 October lava extrusion continued at Sheveluchâ??s â??300 years of RASâ?? dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the dome at Young Sheveluch. This activity was accompanied by powerful gas-and-steam emissions. Thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images on 25, 27-28, and 31 October. Weather conditions prevented views on the other days of the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1,300 km3 andesitic volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures, with at least 60 large eruptions during the Holocene. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes occur on its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large open caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7Bmip1DQiA$> Suwanosejima | Japan | 29.638°N, 129.714°E | Summit elev. 796 m The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 28 October-4 November. Discrete eruption events were recorded at 0045, 0712, 1448, and 1658 on 29 October. Eruptions on 29 October produced ash plumes that reached 1-1.6 km above the crater rim. One explosive event, captured by infrasound monitoring equipment at 1606 on 2 November, produced white emissions that reached 300 m above the crater rim and drifted SE. A continuous eruption from 1230 until about 2204 on 4 November produced ash emissions to at least 1.2 km above the crater rim; the plume drifted SE. Tremor accompanied the eruption events and ashfall was reported by the Suwanosejima Branch of the Toshima Village Office (3.5 km SSW). The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second level on a five-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long island of Suwanosejima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea on the E flank that was formed by edifice collapse. One of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, it was in a state of intermittent Strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, between 1949 and 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest recorded eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits covered residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed, forming a large debris avalanche and creating an open collapse scarp extending to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eGzYw9lwheQKk2HDgBkt8hEDx6pZ_YD44YBrLc7qWyQiwg24MrmsHAoBILdBZhkD8pudmsFzaAo4qhFq7BkJ3Arp4w$> 7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7 ============================================================== Volcano Listserv is a collaborative venture among Arizona State University (ASU), Portland State University (PSU), the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, and the International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). 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