8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8 From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx> Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 15-21 November 2023 Sally Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx) URL: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaQHtMZys$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOIQ-apGE$> New Activity/Unrest: Ioto, Volcano Islands | Purace, Colombia | Reykjanes, Reykjanes Peninsula | Ulawun, New Britain (Papua New Guinea) Ongoing Activity: Aira, Kyushu (Japan) | Dukono, Halmahera | Ebeko, Paramushir Island (Russia) | Etna, Sicily (Italy) | Great Sitkin, Andreanof Islands (USA) | Ibu, Halmahera | Kanlaon, Philippines | Klyuchevskoy, Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Krakatau, Sunda Strait | Lewotolok, Lembata Island | Mayon, Luzon (Philippines) | Merapi, Central Java | Nyamulagira, DR Congo | Semeru, Eastern Java | Sheveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Shishaldin, Fox Islands (USA) | Suwanosejima, Ryukyu Islands (Japan) | Taal, Luzon (Philippines) The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. New Activity/Unrest Ioto | Volcano Islands | 24.751°N, 141.289°E | Summit elev. 169 m According to a news article the eruption at Ioto (Iwo-jima), from a submarine vent about 1 km off the SE coast at Okinahama, continued 17 November. During an overflight of the volcano passengers observed explosions that ejected material and white steam plumes above the vent every few minutes. Geologic Summary. Ioto in the central Volcano Islands portion of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc lies within a 9-km-wide submarine caldera. Ioto, Iwojima, and Iojima are among many transliterations of the name. The volcano is also known as Ogasawara-Iojima to distinguish it from several other "Sulfur Island" volcanoes in Japan. The triangular, low-elevation, 8-km-long island narrows toward its SW tip and has produced trachyandesitic and trachytic rocks that are more alkalic than those of other volcanoes in this arc. The island has undergone uplift for at least the past 700 years, accompanying resurgent doming of the caldera; a shoreline landed upon by Captain Cook's surveying crew in 1779 is now 40 m above sea level. The Motoyama plateau on the NE half of the island consists of submarine tuffs overlain by coral deposits and forms the island's high point. Many fumaroles are oriented along a NE-SW zone cutting through Motoyama. Numerous recorded phreatic eruptions, many from vents on the W and NW sides of the island, have accompanied the uplift. Source: Daily Yomiuri News https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/stream/article/22452/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaWxhKSN0$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/stream/article/22452/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOYsWfyjA$> Purace | Colombia | 2.32°N, 76.4°W | Summit elev. 4650 m Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Popayán, Servicio Geologico Colombiano (SGC) reported that at 1929 on 16 November the seismic network recorded a signal at Puracé possibly associated with an ash-and-gas emission. An emission was not confirmed in webcam images due to darkness. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Puracé in Colombia consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with a 500-m-wide summit crater constructed over a dacitic shield volcano. It lies at the NW end of a volcanic massif opposite Pan de Azúcar stratovolcano, 6 km SE. A NW-SE-trending group of seven cones and craters, Los Coconucos, lies between the two larger edifices. Frequent explosive eruptions in the 19th and 20th centuries have modified the morphology of the summit crater. The largest eruptions occurred in 1849, 1869, and 1885. Source: Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaZd584_-$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOJtsVRaE$> Reykjanes | Reykjanes Peninsula | 63.817°N, 22.717°W | Summit elev. 140 m Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) reported that intense seismicity and deformation at the Reykjanes volcanic system, caused by a magmatic dike intrusion with no surface eruption, was ongoing during 15-21 November. Seismicity during the week was relatively stable with 1,500-2,000 daily earthquakes; the number of events decreased during 20-21 November with only 165 recorded during 0000-1530. Earthquakes were mostly located at depths averaging 4 km. Most of the earthquakes were located near the middle of the dike, near Hagafell, 3.5 km NNE of GrindavÃk, and near Sundhnúk, about 1 km NE of Hagafell and about 2 km ENE of Mt. Thorbjorn. Most earthquakes were less than M 2 during 15-16 November and less than M 1 during 16-17 November; the largest event during the week was an M 3 recorded on 17 November. On 16 November sulfur dioxide gas was measured from a borehole located at Svartsengi, N of Mt. Thorbjorn, and extended E to a notable depth. The presence of sulfur dioxide was another indication of the magma intrusion N of Hagafell. In addition to earthquake detected by the seismic network, new technology using the high-sensitivity fiber optic cable that runs from Svartsengi, W of Mt. Thorbjorn, to ArfadalsvÃk was also collecting seismic data. Deformation data was consistent with magma flowing into the dyke at depths greater than 5 km. On 17 November GPS data from instruments in and around GrindavÃk, near the center of the subsidence zone, indicated about 3-4 cm of subsidence per day. Analysis of COSMO-SkyMed radar interferogram data from 18-19 November showed that 30 mm of uplift was centered in the vicinity of Svartsengi, about 2 km N of Hagafell. Uplift was recorded in that same area before the 10 November magmatic intrusion, thought the rate had accelerated. The uplift aligned with the margins of the intrusion, whereas subsidence was located above the intrusion itself. The deformation and seismic data indicated that Hagafell, where the intrusion was modeled to be the widest, was the most likely location for an eruption. The Blue Lagoon geothermal pool was closed on 9 November and planned to remain closed at least until 30 November. Residents of GrindavÃk evacuated on 10 November, due to the uncertainty of an eruption and the onset of ground cracking and damaged infrastructure; access to the town continued to be restricted with only periodic entry allowed for residents to collect belongings. During the week ground cracks and sinkholes opened in and around GrindavÃk, affecting streets and buildings. Construction of earthen barriers began by 15 November to protect the Svartsengi power station, which supplies tens of thousands of people with electricity and hot water; new wells were being drilled to produce a back-up water supply. An 18 November news report indicated that most of the houses in GrindavÃk were undamaged, but some had been damaged along a big crack that goes through the town; a few homes were destroyed. Geologic Summary. The Reykjanes volcanic system at the SW tip of the Reykjanes Peninsula, where the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rises above sea level, comprises a broad area of postglacial basaltic crater rows and small shield volcanoes. The submarine Reykjaneshryggur volcanic system is contiguous with and is considered part of the Reykjanes volcanic system, which is the westernmost of a series of four closely-spaced en-echelon fissure systems that extend diagonally across the Reykjanes Peninsula. Most of the subaerial part of the system (also known as the Reykjanes/Svartsengi volcanic system) is covered by Holocene lavas. Subaerial eruptions have occurred in historical time during the 13th century at several locations on the NE-SW-trending fissure system, and numerous submarine eruptions dating back to the 12th century have been observed during historical time, some of which have formed ephemeral islands. Basaltic rocks of probable Holocene age have been recovered during dredging operations, and tephra deposits from earlier Holocene eruptions are preserved on the nearby Reykjanes Peninsula. Sources: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://en.vedur.is/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaXSjQ7pS$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://en.vedur.is/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOQw4zLVA$> ; Icelandic National Broadcasting Service (RUV) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.ruv.is/english/2023-11-20-grindavik-and-reykjanes-peninsula-397706__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaXVEjzGU$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.ruv.is/english/2023-11-20-grindavik-and-reykjanes-peninsula-397706__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOp0HwN-8$> ; Almannavarnadeild rÃkislögreglustjóra (National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police and Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.almannavarnir.is/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaQ71hi78$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.almannavarnir.is/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOlnGuYiA$> ; mbl.is https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2023/11/21/vinna_varnargarda_i_kappi_vid_timann/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaVsBEsnY$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2023/11/21/vinna_varnargarda_i_kappi_vid_timann/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOEo3DRpg$> Ulawun | New Britain (Papua New Guinea) | 5.05°S, 151.33°E | Summit elev. 2334 m Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO) reported that the eruption at Ulawun continued to intensify in November and culminated in a larger event during 20-21 November. During 3-18 November white gas-and-steam plumes of variable densities rose from the summit crater. Low-level booming noises were reported on 9 November. Crater incandescence was observed nightly and fluctuated between dull and moderately bright; the most intense incandescence was observed during 10-11 November. Seismicity was at low-to-moderate levels and characterized by continuous, low-level volcanic tremors often punctuated by periods of small-to moderate discrete low-frequency volcanic earthquakes that evolved into sub-continuous volcanic tremors. Small ash emissions were observed on 19 November. Seismicity began to intensify at around 0200 on 20 November and then again at 0930. The ash emissions increased to moderate levels and eruption noises were heard between 1430-1500. The Alert Level was raised to Stage 3 (on the four-level scale). The ash plumes drifted W and NW, causing ashfall in Navo. The eruption significantly intensified during 1530-1600 and continued at high levels. According to the Darwin VAAC ash plumes rose as high as 9.1 km (30,000 ft) a.s.l. at 1600 and drifted SW. Ash plumes had risen to 15 km (50,000 ft) a.s.l. by 1630 and spread almost 65 km W by 1720. The Alert Level was raised to Stage 4. Continuous ash plumes obscured the summit area and by 1800 ashfall was reported in the Ulamona Mission area. A photo taken at 1807 showed incandescent material being ejected above the summit and a dark, dense ash plume rising from the crater. Ashfall was significant in areas to the N and NW and absent in areas to the N and E. Roaring and booming noises continued. Residents of Ubili and Ulamona Mission Station moved to Kabaya and Koasa, and Noau and Voluvolu residents moved to Bakada. Video and photos posted on social media showed tall lava fountaining at the summit and a pyroclastic flow descending the NW flank. Ash plumes continued to obscure the summit along with darkness from 2200 on 20 November to 0200 on 21 November, though the intensity of the eruption had declined. The VAAC continued to report a sustained ash plume rising to 15 km; by 0320 on 21 November ash had drifted as far as 520 km W. By 0450 the VAAC noted that ash had reached the stratosphere, rising to 18.2 km (60,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting 75 km SE; ash at 15 km continued to drift W. Dark, dense ash emissions rose from the summit crater during 0200-1300 but were less intense. The Alert Level was lowered to Stage 3, but RVO also noted that at 0700 one of the two seismic stations had stopped working, making monitoring even more difficult. Low roaring and booming continued, and ash continued to fall mainly to the W and NW, affecting infrastructure and crops. By sunrise the view from the observation post to the summit was blanketed by ash; dense ash obscured views of the summit and flanks. RVO also noted that pyroclastic flows had likely descended the N, and possibly the SE, flanks during the early part of the eruption the day before. The VAAC reported that sustained ash plumes continued, though by 1630 they were rising to 12.2 km (40,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting W while the ash at 18.2 km continued to drift E. During 1300-1400 ash emissions significantly decreased, allowing confirmation of a fissure vent on the SW flank at around 1,000-1,400 m elevation about 1 km SE of the 2019 fissure vent. Webcam images suggested that the lava effusion rate from the fissure was high, and that flows had descended possibly to 400 m elevation. Minor incandescent at the summit was visible as well as on the NW flank, possibly from a pyroclastic flow. Several centimeters of ash and scoria had accumulated on rooftops in areas to the N and NW. Minor ashfall was reported in Kimbe. By 2240 the VAAC stated that the ash at 18.2 km was no longer discernable in satellite images. RVO reported that during 2100 on 21 November to 0600 on 22 November the eruption was at low levels with only minor amounts of ash being emitted, though lava continued to effuse from the fissure. Summit incandescence was no longer visible by 0319. A few ash puffs were visible during 0600-0800 and then the summit was obscured by weather clouds. The Alert Level was lowered to Stage 2. Geologic Summary. The symmetrical basaltic-to-andesitic Ulawun stratovolcano is the highest volcano of the Bismarck arc, and one of Papua New Guinea's most frequently active. The volcano, also known as the Father, rises above the N coast of the island of New Britain across a low saddle NE of Bamus volcano, the South Son. The upper 1,000 m is unvegetated. A prominent E-W escarpment on the south may be the result of large-scale slumping. Satellitic cones occupy the NW and E flanks. A steep-walled valley cuts the NW side, and a flank lava-flow complex lies to the south of this valley. Historical eruptions date back to the beginning of the 18th century. Twentieth-century eruptions were mildly explosive until 1967, but after 1970 several larger eruptions produced lava flows and basaltic pyroclastic flows, greatly modifying the summit crater. Sources: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://webdev.datec.net.pg/geohazards/category/volcanoes/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaeT5nlSR$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://webdev.datec.net.pg/geohazards/category/volcanoes/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOg1DQYCc$> ; Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaens9viu$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOUatNVWc$> ; Reuters https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/flights-cancelled-residents-evacuate-papua-new-guinea-volcano-erupts-2023-11-21/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKae8CChh9$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/flights-cancelled-residents-evacuate-papua-new-guinea-volcano-erupts-2023-11-21/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOV33BPLA$> ; Lekei Kilala https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://twitter.com/LekeiKilala__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaRFgMlxv$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://twitter.com/LekeiKilala__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOpqJPLAQ$> Ongoing Activity Aira | Kyushu (Japan) | 31.5772°N, 130.6589°E | Summit elev. 1117 m JMA reported ongoing activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) during 13-20 November, with incandescence at the crater observed nightly. An explosion at 2053 on 13 November produced an ash plume that rose 400 m above the crater rim. Sulfur dioxide emissions were very high, averaging 3,000 tons per day on 13 November. An explosion at 0629 on 17 November generated an ash plume that rose as high as 1.1 km above the crater rim and drifted SE to SW and ejected large blocks 500-700 m from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters. Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the caldera, along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim and built an island that was joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit cone ended about 4,850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minamidake. Frequent eruptions since the 8th century have deposited ash on the city of Kagoshima, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest recorded eruption took place during 1471-76. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaY_dZYOb$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOsUqZ2Ek$> Dukono | Halmahera | 1.6992°N, 127.8783°E | Summit elev. 1273 m PVMBG reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 15-21 November. Seismicity was high during most of the week but began to decline on 19 November, though eruptive activity remained elevated. Daily dense white-and-gray or gray-to-black ash plumes rose as high as 1.2 km above the summit during 15-16 November, up to 2.6 km on 17 November, 3 km on 18 November, 2.6 km on 19 November, and 2.3 km on 20 November. The plumes mainly drifted E and NE each day, though on 17 November they also drifted SE. Thumping noises were reported on 17 November. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 2-km exclusion zone. Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have occurred since 1933. During a major eruption in 1550 CE, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the N-flank Gunung Mamuya cone. This complex volcano presents a broad, low profile with multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been active during historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaaPHBqJK$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOIpqtX64$> Ebeko | Paramushir Island (Russia) | 50.686°N, 156.014°E | Summit elev. 1103 m KVERT reported that moderate explosive activity at Ebeko was ongoing during 10-16 November. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E), explosions on 13 November generated ash plumes that rose as high as 2 km (6,600 ft) a.s.l and drifted E. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The flat-topped summit of the central cone of Ebeko volcano, one of the most active in the Kuril Islands, occupies the northern end of Paramushir Island. Three summit craters located along a SSW-NNE line form Ebeko volcano proper, at the northern end of a complex of five volcanic cones. Blocky lava flows extend west from Ebeko and SE from the neighboring Nezametnyi cone. The eastern part of the southern crater contains strong solfataras and a large boiling spring. The central crater is filled by a lake about 20 m deep whose shores are lined with steaming solfataras; the northern crater lies across a narrow, low barrier from the central crater and contains a small, cold crescentic lake. Historical activity, recorded since the late-18th century, has been restricted to small-to-moderate explosive eruptions from the summit craters. Intense fumarolic activity occurs in the summit craters, on the outer flanks of the cone, and in lateral explosion craters. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaeRU5fo-$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuO_qEFwpo$> Etna | Sicily (Italy) | 37.748°N, 14.999°E | Summit elev. 3357 m INGV reported that Strombolian activity resumed at Etnaâ??s SE Crater (SEC) on 22 October and became more continuous and intense through early November. An increase in the frequency of explosions occurred on 4 November, with one occurring about every three minutes. A small new cone formed on the NW flank, near the saddle, that effused lava for a few hours and produced two lava flows that traveled a maximum of 10 m. Strombolian activity at SEC was recorded during 10-12 November, and at 1000 on the 12th a small lava flow was produced. The activity intensified during the afternoon and lava fountaining commenced at around 1730, though weather clouds hindered views. Two main explosive vents were discernable and produced an ash plume that rose almost 1.2 km above the summit and drifted ESE. Ash and lapilli fell in areas from Milo to Zafferana and from Torre Archirafi to Pozzillo. Starting at around 2040 several pyroclastic flows descended the SSE flank and reached the W part of the Valle del Bove. Eruptive activity decreased at around 2100. Minor Strombolian activity continued, and several lava flows traveled S, SE, SSW, and SW. Geologic Summary. Mount Etna, towering above Catania on the island of Sicily, has one of the world's longest documented records of volcanism, dating back to 1500 BCE. Historical lava flows of basaltic composition cover much of the surface of this massive volcano, whose edifice is the highest and most voluminous in Italy. The Mongibello stratovolcano, truncated by several small calderas, was constructed during the late Pleistocene and Holocene over an older shield volcano. The most prominent morphological feature of Etna is the Valle del Bove, a 5 x 10 km caldera open to the east. Two styles of eruptive activity typically occur, sometimes simultaneously. Persistent explosive eruptions, sometimes with minor lava emissions, take place from one or more summit craters. Flank vents, typically with higher effusion rates, are less frequently active and originate from fissures that open progressively downward from near the summit (usually accompanied by Strombolian eruptions at the upper end). Cinder cones are commonly constructed over the vents of lower-flank lava flows. Lava flows extend to the foot of the volcano on all sides and have reached the sea over a broad area on the SE flank. Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKadWdf6Lw$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOFfvLvF0$> Great Sitkin | Andreanof Islands (USA) | 52.076°N, 176.13°W | Summit elev. 1740 m AVO reported that slow lava effusion continued at Great Sitkin during 15-21 November, confirmed at least through 16 November by a radar image. The thick flow in the summit crater mainly expanded E. Seismicity was low. Steam emissions were visible in satellite and webcam images during 18-19 November. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side of Great Sitkin Island. A younger parasitic volcano capped by a small, 0.8 x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure that truncated an ancestral volcano and produced a submarine debris avalanche. Deposits from this and an older debris avalanche from a source to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano. The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp. Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano. Historical eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaYPZqCvc$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOyWR4dvU$> Ibu | Halmahera | 1.488°N, 127.63°E | Summit elev. 1325 m PVMBG reported that Ibu continued to erupt during 15-21 November. White-and-gray ash emissions that were sometimes dense rose 200-1,000 m above the summit and drifted E, SE, and S during 15-17 and 21 November. The Alert Level remained at a 2 (the second highest level on a four-level scale), with the public advised to stay outside of the 2 km hazard zone and 3.5 km away from the N area of the active crater. Geologic Summary. The truncated summit of Gunung Ibu stratovolcano along the NW coast of Halmahera Island has large nested summit craters. The inner crater, 1 km wide and 400 m deep, has contained several small crater lakes. The 1.2-km-wide outer crater is breached on the N, creating a steep-walled valley. A large cone grew ENE of the summit, and a smaller one to the WSW has fed a lava flow down the W flank. A group of maars is located below the N and W flanks. The first observed and recorded eruption was a small explosion from the summit crater in 1911. Eruptive activity began again in December 1998, producing a lava dome that eventually covered much of the floor of the inner summit crater along with ongoing explosive ash emissions. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaaPHBqJK$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOIpqtX64$> Kanlaon | Philippines | 10.412°N, 123.132°E | Summit elev. 2435 m In a special notice for Kanlaon, PHIVOLCS stated that the seismic network detected 15 volcano-tectonic earthquakes during 0358-0500 on 22 November with local magnitudes of 1.4-4.2 and depths of 0-2 km beneath the N flank. Sulfur dioxide gas emissions from the summit crater were elevated since 1 May, averaging 570 tonnes/day (t/d); the most recent measurement was 1,017 t/d, recorded on 14 November. Ground deformation data from continuous GPS and electronic tilt data had been recording inflation at the volcano since March 2022, and inflation of the mid-SW flank since October. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5) and PHIVOLCS reminded the public to remain outside of the 4-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone. Geologic Summary. Kanlaon volcano (also spelled Canlaon), the most active of the central Philippines, forms the highest point on the island of Negros. The massive andesitic stratovolcano is dotted with fissure-controlled pyroclastic cones and craters, many of which are filled by lakes. The largest debris avalanche known in the Philippines traveled 33 km SW from Kanlaon. The summit contains a 2-km-wide, elongated northern caldera with a crater lake and a smaller, but higher, historically active vent, Lugud crater, to the south. Historical eruptions, recorded since 1866, have typically consisted of phreatic explosions of small-to-moderate size that produce minor ashfalls near the volcano. Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaXJ71jRp$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuORWMa-kw$> Klyuchevskoy | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | 56.056°N, 160.642°E | Summit elev. 4754 m KVERT issued a Volcano Observatory Notice for Aviation (VONA) for Klyuchevskoy on 12 November, noting that a plume of resuspended ash rose as high as 6 km (19,700 ft) a.s.l. and drifted more than 60 km E. A thermal anomaly detected in satellite images 14 November was 27 degrees Celsius, cooler than to the 115-degree anomaly detected on 1 November. Fumarolic activity persisted. On 15 November the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Green. On 16 November collapses of hot material in the Apakhonchichsky drainage on the SE flank. Ash plumes from the collapses rose to 5 km (16,400 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 140 km E based on webcam images. Geologic Summary. Klyuchevskoy (also spelled Kliuchevskoi) is Kamchatka's highest and most active volcano. Since its origin about 6000 years ago, the beautifully symmetrical, 4835-m-high basaltic stratovolcano has produced frequent moderate-volume explosive and effusive eruptions without major periods of inactivity. It rises above a saddle NE of sharp-peaked Kamen volcano and lies SE of the broad Ushkovsky massif. More than 100 flank eruptions have occurred during the past roughly 3000 years, with most lateral craters and cones occurring along radial fissures between the unconfined NE-to-SE flanks of the conical volcano between 500 m and 3600 m elevation. The morphology of the 700-m-wide summit crater has been frequently modified by historical eruptions, which have been recorded since the late-17th century. Historical eruptions have originated primarily from the summit crater, but have also included numerous major explosive and effusive eruptions from flank craters. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaeRU5fo-$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuO_qEFwpo$> Krakatau | Sunda Strait | 6.1009°S, 105.4233°E | Summit elev. 285 m PVMBG reported that white gas-and-steam plumes rose as high as 100 m above Krakatauâ??s summit on most days during 15-21 September and drifted NW, N, and NE. White-and-gray plumes rose as high as 100 m and drifted NW on 21 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The renowned Krakatau (frequently mis-named as Krakatoa) volcano lies in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra. Collapse of an older edifice, perhaps in 416 or 535 CE, formed a 7-km-wide caldera. Remnants of that volcano are preserved in Verlaten and Lang Islands; subsequently the Rakata, Danan, and Perbuwatan cones were formed, coalescing to create the pre-1883 Krakatau Island. Caldera collapse during the catastrophic 1883 eruption destroyed Danan and Perbuwatan, and left only a remnant of Rakata. This eruption caused more than 36,000 fatalities, most as a result of tsunamis that swept the adjacent coastlines of Sumatra and Java. Pyroclastic surges traveled 40 km across the Sunda Strait and reached the Sumatra coast. After a quiescence of less than a half century, the post-collapse cone of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) was constructed within the 1883 caldera at a point between the former Danan and Perbuwatan cones. Anak Krakatau has been the site of frequent eruptions since 1927. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaaPHBqJK$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOIpqtX64$> Lewotolok | Lembata Island | 8.274°S, 123.508°E | Summit elev. 1431 m PVMBG reported that the eruption at Lewotolok continued during 15-21 November. Daily white steam-and-gas plumes rose 50-800 m above the summit and drifted W, NW, NE, and E. White-and-gray ash plumes rose as high as 300 m and drifted NW, N, and E on 17 and 19 November. Incandescent material being ejected above the summit was occasionally visible. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay at least 2 km away from the summit crater. Geologic Summary. The Lewotolok (or Lewotolo) stratovolcano occupies the eastern end of an elongated peninsula extending north into the Flores Sea, connected to Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island by a narrow isthmus. It is symmetrical when viewed from the north and east. A small cone with a 130-m-wide crater constructed at the SE side of a larger crater forms the volcano's high point. Many lava flows have reached the coastline. Eruptions recorded since 1660 have consisted of explosive activity from the summit crater. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaaPHBqJK$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOIpqtX64$> Mayon | Luzon (Philippines) | 13.257°N, 123.685°E | Summit elev. 2462 m PHIVOLCS reported that slow lava effusion at Mayonâ??s summit crater continued during 13-21 November. The lengths of the lava flow in the Mi-Isi (S), Bonga (SE), and Basud (E) drainages remained at 2.8 km, 3.4 km, and 1.1 km, respectively. Collapses at the lava dome produced rockfalls and occasional pyroclastic density currents (PDCs, or pyroclastic flows) that descended the flanks as far as 4 km. Seismic stations recorded 37-166 rockfall events each day. During 14-15 and 20-21 November there were 8-9 daily volcanic earthquakes, including 2-5 volcanic tremors, each lasting 1-4 minutes; three volcanic earthquakes were recorded during 17-18 November, and one was recorded during 19-20 November. There were 1-2 daily PDC events detected during 14-15 November and 17-21 November. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 1,408 and 1,709 tonnes per day on 14 and 16 November, respectively. One ash emission was recorded during 20-21 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 0-5 scale) and residents were reminded to stay away from the 6-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ). PHIVOLCS recommended that civil aviation authorities advise pilots to avoid flying close to the summit. Geologic Summary. Symmetrical Mayon, which rises above the Albay Gulf NW of Legazpi City, is the most active volcano of the Philippines. The steep upper slopes are capped by a small summit crater. Recorded eruptions since 1616 CE range from Strombolian to basaltic Plinian, with cyclical activity beginning with basaltic eruptions, followed by longer term andesitic lava flows. Eruptions occur predominately from the central conduit and have also produced lava flows that travel far down the flanks. Pyroclastic flows and mudflows have commonly swept down many of the approximately 40 ravines that radiate from the summit and have often damaged populated lowland areas. A violent eruption in 1814 killed more than 1,200 people and devastated several towns. Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaXJ71jRp$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuORWMa-kw$> Merapi | Central Java | 7.54°S, 110.446°E | Summit elev. 2910 m BPPTKG reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 10-16 November. The SW lava dome produced a total of 69 lava avalanches that descended the flanks; 10 traveled as far as 1.5 km down the upper part of the Boyong drainage and 59 traveled as far as 1.7 km down the upper Bebeng drainage. Minor morphological changes to the SW lava dome detected in webcam images and during a 16 November drone survey were due to continuing lava effusion and collapses of material. The highest temperature measured at the SW dome during the drone overflight was 292 degrees Celsius, lower than previous measurements. The volume of the SW dome was an estimated 3,348,600 cubic meters and the dome in the main crater was an estimated 2,358,000 cubic meters. Seismicity remained at elevated levels. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location. Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused many fatalities. Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaYKYC867$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOHAnY7lw$> Nyamulagira | DR Congo | 1.408°S, 29.2°E | Summit elev. 3058 m An 18 November satellite image of Nyamulagira showed a thermal anomaly in the NE part of the summit crater, likely indicating an active lava lake. Geologic Summary. Africa's most active volcano, Nyamulagira (also known as Nyamuragira), is a massive high-potassium basaltic shield about 25 km N of Lake Kivu and 13 km NNW of the steep-sided Nyiragongo volcano. The summit is truncated by a small 2 x 2.3 km caldera that has walls up to about 100 m high. Documented eruptions have occurred within the summit caldera, as well as from the numerous flank fissures and cinder cones. A lava lake in the summit crater, active since at least 1921, drained in 1938, at the time of a major flank eruption. Recent lava flows extend down the flanks more than 30 km from the summit as far as Lake Kivu; extensive lava flows from this volcano have covered 1,500 km2 of the western branch of the East African Rift. Source: Sentinel Hub https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaad_XvXy$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOrNR_V54$> Semeru | Eastern Java | 8.108°S, 112.922°E | Summit elev. 3657 m PVMBG reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 15-21 November. White-and-gray ash plumes that were often dense rose 300-800 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions during 16-18 and 20-21 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (third highest on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards. Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru (Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas. A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that have reached the lower flanks of the volcano. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaaPHBqJK$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOIpqtX64$> Sheveluch | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | 56.653°N, 161.36°E | Summit elev. 3283 m KVERT reported that the eruption at Sheveluch continued during 10-16 November. A daily thermal anomaly was identified in satellite images. During 9-10 November plumes of resuspended ash drifted about 275 km SE. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1,300 km3 andesitic volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures, with at least 60 large eruptions during the Holocene. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes occur on its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large open caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaeRU5fo-$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuO_qEFwpo$> Shishaldin | Fox Islands (USA) | 54.756°N, 163.97°W | Summit elev. 2857 m AVO reported that unrest continued at Shishaldin during 15-21 November. Seismicity remained elevated with ongoing seismic tremor and small, low-frequency earthquakes. Elevated surface temperatures were identified in satellite images during 15-16 and 19-20 November. Robust steam emissions were visible in satellite and webcam images during 17-20 November. Small explosions were observed in infrasound data during 18-21 November, consistent with weak Strombolian activity. Sulfur dioxide emissions were also identified in satellite images. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The symmetrical glacier-covered Shishaldin is the highest and one of the most active volcanoes of the Aleutian Islands. It is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes in the eastern half of Unimak Island. The Aleuts named the volcano Sisquk, meaning "mountain which points the way when I am lost." Constructed atop an older glacially dissected edifice, it is largely basaltic in composition. Remnants of an older ancestral volcano are exposed on the W and NE sides at 1,500-1,800 m elevation. There are over two dozen pyroclastic cones on its NW flank, which is blanketed by massive aa lava flows. Frequent explosive activity, primarily consisting of Strombolian ash eruptions from the small summit crater, but sometimes producing lava flows, has been recorded since the 18th century. A steam plume often rises from the summit crater. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaYPZqCvc$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOyWR4dvU$> Suwanosejima | Ryukyu Islands (Japan) | 29.638°N, 129.714°E | Summit elev. 796 m JMA reported that the eruption at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 13-20 November and crater incandescence was visible nightly. No explosions were detected, though ash plumes rose at least 1 km above the crater rim and drifted mainly SE on 14, 16, and 20 November. Ashfall was reported in Toshima village (3.5 km SSW); dates were not specified. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long island of Suwanosejima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two historically active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea on the east flank that was formed by edifice collapse. One of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, it was in a state of intermittent Strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, between 1949 and 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest recorded eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits blanketed residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed, forming a large debris avalanche and creating the open Sakuchi caldera, which extends to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaY_dZYOb$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuOsUqZ2Ek$> Taal | Luzon (Philippines) | 14.0106°N, 120.9975°E | Summit elev. 311 m In a special report for Taal issued on 15 November, PHIVOLCS noted that sulfur dioxide emissions were as high as 11,695 tonnes per day (t/d) and gas-and-steam plumes rose up to 1.2 km. A minor sulfur odor was reported in Banyaga, Agoncillo. High concentrations of gas had been continually emitted since March 2021; emissions averaged 6,267 t/d since September. Seismicity was at moderate levels; of the 686 earthquakes recorded during 1 September-15 November 629 were volcanic tremors associated with gas emissions. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 8,024 t/d on 16 November. During 16-21 November pronounced upwelling of gasses and hot fluids in the lake produced plumes that rose 500-1,200 m and drifted SW. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5), and PHIVOLCS reminded the public that the entire Taal Volcano Island was a Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ). Geologic Summary. Taal is one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines and has produced some powerful eruptions. The 15 x 20 km Talisay (Taal) caldera is largely filled by Lake Taal, whose 267 km2 surface lies only 3 m above sea level. The maximum depth of the lake is 160 m, with several submerged eruptive centers. The 5-km-wide Volcano Island in north-central Lake Taal is the location of all observed eruptions. The island is composed of coalescing small stratovolcanoes, tuff rings, and scoria cones. Powerful pyroclastic flows and surges have caused many fatalities. Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dSVoKy1MqEeGodMk8jVO40E1bbKPGpFQMtLGtJxdyV9p4CYZvAEsuVKn0Sd6BwZaz_sxsMZKaXJ71jRp$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bx2ZeF8I3cIn9aykTGuXK2kFXuJExVPuH9u-el49r0IBo0fmsMBi9ltihH-o5hFQniuORWMa-kw$> 8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8 ============================================================== Volcano Listserv is a collaborative venture among Arizona State University (ASU), Portland State University (PSU), the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, and the International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). 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Please do not send attachments. ============================================================== ------------------------------ End of Volcano Digest - 20 Nov 2023 to 27 Nov 2023 (#2023-113) **************************************************************
