Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 4-10 January 2023

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4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4


From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx>


Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

4-10 January 2023



Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx)

URL: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YVcOfGoC$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvP5ObaDVY$>





New Activity/Unrest: Ijen, Eastern Java  | Kaitoku Seamount, Volcano
Islands (Japan)  | Kilauea, Hawaiian Islands (USA)  | Marapi, Central
Sumatra  | Semisopochnoi, Aleutian Islands (USA)



Ongoing Activity: Ahyi, Mariana Islands (USA)  | Aira, Kyushu (Japan)  |
Cleveland, Chuginadak Island (USA)  | Cotopaxi, Ecuador  | Ebeko,
Paramushir Island (Russia)  | Etna, Sicily (Italy)  | Fuego, South-Central
Guatemala  | Great Sitkin, Andreanof Islands (USA)  | Kerinci, Central
Sumatra  | Krakatau, Sunda Strait  | Merapi, Central Java  | Nevado del
Ruiz, Colombia  | Nevados de Chillan, Central Chile  | Santa Maria,
Southwestern Guatemala  | Semeru, Eastern Java  | Sheveluch, Central
Kamchatka (Russia)  | Stromboli, Aeolian Islands (Italy)  | Suwanosejima,
Ryukyu Islands (Japan)  | Villarrica, Central Chile





The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the
Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's
Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports
are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail.
This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting
during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet
criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section.
Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in
issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network.



Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the
Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To
obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on
the Internet contact the source.







New Activity/Unrest





Ijen  | Eastern Java  | 8.058°S, 114.242°E  | Summit elev. 2769 m



PVMBG reported that beginning in July 2022 the seismic network at Ijen
began detecting increasing numbers of shallow volcanic earthquakes and
earthquake signals characteristic of emissions, indicating increasing
pressure at shallow depths within the hydrothermal system. The number of
shallow volcanic earthquakes again increased on 1 January. The temperature
of the crater lake water rose from 16 degrees Celsius in December 2022 to
45.6 degrees Celsius on 5 January 2023. During a field visit on 5 January
scientists noted that the color of the lake water was light green, dense
white solfatara plumes were visible rising from vents, and the sulfur odor
was strong. Increased activity at the volcano is often characterized by a
change in the lake water color from green to whitish-green due to the
resuspension of disturbed lake-bottom sediments from increased gas
emissions. The elevated unrest promoted PVMBG to raise the Alert Level to 2
(on a scale of 1-4) on 7 January. Residents, visitors, and miners were
advised to not approach the crater within 1.5 km.



Geologic Summary. The Ijen volcano complex at the eastern end of Java
consists of a group of small stratovolcanoes constructed within the
20-km-wide Ijen (Kendeng) caldera. The north caldera wall forms a prominent
arcuate ridge, but elsewhere the rim was buried by post-caldera volcanoes,
including Gunung Merapi, which forms the high point of the complex.
Immediately west of the Gunung Merapi stratovolcano is the historically
active Kawah Ijen crater, which contains a nearly 1-km-wide,
turquoise-colored, acid lake. Kawah Ijen is the site of a labor-intensive
mining operation in which baskets of sulfur are hand-carried from the
crater floor. Many other post-caldera cones and craters are located within
the caldera or along its rim. The largest concentration of cones forms an
E-W zone across the southern side of the caldera. Coffee plantations cover
much of the caldera floor; nearby waterfalls and hot springs are tourist
destinations.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YZXgSqYK$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPM1aYr_c$>





Kaitoku Seamount  | Volcano Islands (Japan)  | 26.127°N, 141.102°E  |
Summit elev. -95 m



Discolored water around the Kaitoku Seamount was visible in 1 and 6 January
Sentinel satellite images. Concentric circles of discolored water radiated
out from the vent area and a plume drifted W. The plume of discolored water
extended S in the 6 January image.



Geologic Summary. A submarine eruption was observed in 1984 from Kaitoku
Seamount (Kaitoku Kaizan), a three-peaked submarine volcano 130 km NNW of
Kita-Iojima. A submarine eruption had previously been reported in 1543 from
a point about 40 km to the SW, which the Japan Meteorological Agency
attributes to Kaitoku.



Source: Sentinel Hub https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YQ4NEU19$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvP73-71-s$>





Kilauea  | Hawaiian Islands (USA)  | 19.421°N, 155.287°W  | Summit elev.
1222 m



Small earthquake swarms were recorded at Kilauea on 30 December 2022 and 2
January 2023, with heightened seismicity in between those dates. Increased
seismicity and changes in the pattern of deformation began to be recorded
during the morning of 5 January. At around 1500 both the rate of
deformation and seismicity dramatically increased indicating magma moving
towards the surface; at 1520 HVO raised the Volcano Alert Level to Watch
(the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color
Code to Orange (the second highest color on a four-color scale).



Incandescence seen in webcam images at 1634 on 5 January indicated that an
eruption began in Halemaâ??umaâ??u Crater, prompting HVO to raise the Volcano
Alert Level to Warning (the highest level on a four-level scale) and the
Aviation Color Code to Red (the highest color on a four-color scale). Vents
opened in the E central portion of the crater floor and produced multiple
lava fountains and flows. Fountain bursts ejected lava as high as 50 m
during the initial phase of activity, though in general fountaining was
consistently 10 m high. By 1930 lava had covered most of the crater floor
(an area of about 120 hectares) to a depth of 10 m. A higher-elevation
island that formed during the initial phase of the December 2020 eruption
remained exposed (and appeared darker in images) along with a ring of older
lava around the lava lake that was active prior to December 2022. Overnight
during 5-6 January the lava fountains became less vigorous, rising to 5 m,
and lava effusion slowed. By 0815 on 6 January HVO lowered the Volcano
Alert Level to Watch and the Aviation Color Code to Orange because the
initial high effusion rates were declining and there was no threat of
significant volcanic ash outside of the closed area within?Hawaiâ??i
Volcanoes National Park. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was about 12,500
tonnes per day. Lava continued to erupt from the vents during 6-8 January,
though the footprint of the active area had shrunk, which has been common
during the early stages of recent eruptions within Halemaâ??umaâ??u. By 9
January only one dominant fountain was visible that continued to be active
at least through 10 January.



Geologic Summary. Kilauea overlaps the E flank of the massive Mauna Loa
shield volcano in the island of Hawaii. Eruptions are prominent in
Polynesian legends; written documentation since 1820 records frequent
summit and flank lava flow eruptions interspersed with periods of long-term
lava lake activity at Halemaumau crater in the summit caldera until 1924.
The 3 x 5 km caldera was formed in several stages about 1,500 years ago and
during the 18th century; eruptions have also originated from the lengthy
East and Southwest rift zones, which extend to the ocean in both
directions. About 90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is
formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the surface is
younger than 600 years. The long-term eruption from the East rift zone
between 1983 and 2018 produced lava flows covering more than 100 km2,
destroyed hundreds of houses, and added new coastline.



Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YQl0fGms$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPuC4_LSI$>





Marapi  | Central Sumatra  | 0.38°S, 100.474°E  | Summit elev. 2885 m



PVMBG reported that an explosive eruption at Marapi began at 0611 on 7
January, generating a dense white-and-gray ash plume that rose 300 m above
the summit and drifted SE. Images posted with the report showed jets of
dark material rising from the crater. Emissions continued to periodically
rise form the crater; at 0944, 1034, and 1451 dense white or white-to-gray
ash plumes rose 200-250 m above the summit and drifted SE. Seismic signals
indicated that eruptive events also occurred at 1135, 1144, 1230, 1715, and
1821, but no ash emissions were visually observed. At 1250 on 8 January a
dense white ash plume rose 150 m and drifted SE and at 1300 a dense
white-to-gray ash plume rose 200 m and drifted E. Seismic signals indicated
eruptive events at 0447, 1038, and 1145, but again no ash emissions were
visually observed. At 0634 on 9 January a dense white ash plume rose around
250 m and drifted E and SE. The eruption was preceded by an increase in the
number of deep volcanic earthquakes beginning on 25 December 2022 and
summit inflation. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4).



Geologic Summary. Gunung Marapi, not to be confused with the better-known
Merapi volcano on Java, is Sumatra's most active volcano. This massive
complex stratovolcano rises 2,000 m above the Bukittinggi Plain in the
Padang Highlands. A broad summit contains multiple partially overlapping
summit craters constructed within the small 1.4-km-wide Bancah caldera. The
summit craters are located along an ENE-WSW line, with volcanism migrating
to the west. More than 50 eruptions, typically consisting of
small-to-moderate explosive activity, have been recorded since the end of
the 18th century; no lava flows outside the summit craters have been
reported in historical time.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YZXgSqYK$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPM1aYr_c$>





Semisopochnoi  | Aleutian Islands (USA)  | 51.93°N, 179.58°E  | Summit
elev. 1221 m



AVO reported that eruptive activity at Semisopochnoiâ??s Mount Young,
formerly Mount Cerberus, was ongoing during 4-10 January. Daily minor steam
emissions were visible in webcam views. Seismicity was above background
levels; low-level explosive activity was detected in geophysical data
during 4-5 January with elevated seismicity and infrasound signals observed
on local stations. Volcanic tremor was detected during 7-9 January, and
very weak explosive activity was detected in seismic and infrasound data on
9 January. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest
level on a four-color scale) and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch
(the second highest level on a four-level scale).



Geologic Summary. Semisopochnoi, the largest subaerial volcano of the
western Aleutians, is 20 km wide at sea level and contains an 8-km-wide
caldera. It formed as a result of collapse of a low-angle, dominantly
basaltic volcano following the eruption of a large volume of dacitic
pumice. The high point of the island is Anvil Peak, a double-peaked
late-Pleistocene cone that forms much of the island's northern part. The
three-peaked Mount Cerberus (renamed Mount Young in 2023) was constructed
within the caldera during the Holocene. Each of the peaks contains a summit
crater; lava flows on the N flank appear younger than those on the south
side. Other post-caldera volcanoes include the symmetrical Sugarloaf Peak
SSE of the caldera and Lakeshore Cone, a small cinder cone at the edge of
Fenner Lake in the NE part of the caldera. Most documented eruptions have
originated from Young, although Coats (1950) considered that both Sugarloaf
and Lakeshore Cone could have been recently active.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YWbeQYxt$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPR2qCJ5s$>





Ongoing Activity





Ahyi  | Mariana Islands (USA)  | 20.42°N, 145.03°E  | Summit elev. -75 m



Unrest continued to be detected at Ahyi Seamount during 4-10 January. Daily
signals possibly indicating explosions were detected by hydrophone sensors
on Wake Island (2,270 km E of Ahyi), though a data outage began at 0118 on
8 January. No activity was visible in mostly cloudy satellite images,
though a plume of discolored water originating from the summit region of
the seamount was seen in partly cloudy satellite images on 8 January. The
Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a
four-color scale) and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory (the
second lowest level on a four-level scale).



Geologic Summary. Ahyi seamount is a large conical submarine volcano that
rises to within 75 m of the sea surface about 18 km SE of the island of
Farallon de Pajaros (Uracas) in the northern Marianas. Water discoloration
has been observed there, and in 1979 the crew of a fishing boat felt shocks
over the summit area of the seamount, followed by upwelling of
sulfur-bearing water. On 24-25 April 2001 an explosive eruption was
detected seismically by a station on Rangiroa Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago.
The event was well constrained (+/- 15 km) at a location near the southern
base of Ahyi. An eruption in April-May 2014 was detected by NOAA divers,
hydroacoustic sensors, and seismic stations.



Source: US Geological Survey https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.usgs.gov/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YSp6Mv93$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.usgs.gov/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPsvya9O0$>





Aira  | Kyushu (Japan)  | 31.593°N, 130.657°E  | Summit elev. 1117 m



JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira
Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) during 2-9 January. Crater incandescence was
visible nightly. Sulfur dioxide emissions were slightly elevated at 1,000
tons per day on 4 January. One explosion on 3 January and two explosions on
8 January were recorded by the seismic network. Eruption plumes rose as
high as 2.4 km above the crater rim and blocks were ejected as far as 1.1
km from the vent. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and
residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.



Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay
contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active.
Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of
the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera
was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the Aira caldera,
along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began
about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim of Aira caldera and built an
island that was finally joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major
explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit
cone ended about 4850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at
Minamidake. Frequent historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century,
have deposited ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located
across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical
eruption took place during 1471-76.



Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YemoHd6Z$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPtiu3bsM$>





Cleveland  | Chuginadak Island (USA)  | 52.825°N, 169.944°W  | Summit elev.
1730 m



AVO lowered both the Volcano Alert Level and the Aviation Color Code for
Cleveland to Unassigned (insufficient monitoring to make an assessment) on
5 January, noting that signs of unrest had declined over the previous
several months. Elevated surface temperatures in the summit crater were
occasionally identified in satellite images but at a reduced frequency and
strength. The last eruptive activity was a short-lived explosion on the
evening of 1 June 2020, and sulfur dioxide emissions were last detected on
29 July 2022.



Geologic Summary. The beautifully symmetrical Mount Cleveland stratovolcano
is situated at the western end of the uninhabited Chuginadak Island. It
lies SE across Carlisle Pass strait from Carlisle volcano and NE across
Chuginadak Pass strait from Herbert volcano. Joined to the rest of
Chuginadak Island by a low isthmus, Cleveland is the highest of the Islands
of the Four Mountains group and is one of the most active of the Aleutian
Islands. The native name, Chuginadak, refers to the Aleut goddess of fire,
who was thought to reside on the volcano. Numerous large lava flows descend
the steep-sided flanks. It is possible that some 18th-to-19th century
eruptions attributed to Carlisle should be ascribed to Cleveland (Miller et
al., 1998). In 1944 it produced the only known fatality from an Aleutian
eruption. Recent eruptions have been characterized by short-lived explosive
ash emissions, at times accompanied by lava fountaining and lava flows down
the flanks.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YWbeQYxt$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPR2qCJ5s$>





Cotopaxi  | Ecuador  | 0.677°S, 78.436°W  | Summit elev. 5911 m



IG reported that the low-level eruption at Cotopaxi continued during 3-11
January, characterized by daily steam-and-gas emissions often with low ash
content. Plumes of gas, steam, and minor ash content rose as high as 1.7 km
above the crater rim and drifted NW, W, SW, and E, based on webcam views,
satellite images, and information from the Guayaquil Meteorological Office.
Minor ashfall was reported in the sectors of Colcas, San Ramon, and San
Agustin de Callo (18 km WSW). Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y
Emergencias (SNGRE) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second lowest
level on a four-color scale).



Geologic Summary. The symmetrical, glacier-covered, Cotopaxi stratovolcano
is Ecuador's most well-known volcano and one of its most active. The
steep-sided cone is capped by nested summit craters, the largest of which
is about 550 x 800 m in diameter. Deep valleys scoured by lahars radiate
from the summit of the andesitic volcano, and large andesitic lava flows
extend to its base. The modern edifice has been constructed since a major
collapse sometime prior to about 5,000 years ago. Pyroclastic flows (often
confused in historical accounts with lava flows) have accompanied many
explosive eruptions, and lahars have frequently devastated adjacent
valleys. Strong eruptions took place in 1744, 1768, and 1877. Pyroclastic
flows descended all sides of the volcano in 1877, and lahars traveled more
than 100 km into the Pacific Ocean and western Amazon basin. Smaller
eruptions have been frequent since that time.



Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YZL2GI1q$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPKGVII58$>
;

Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YfVgWXqJ$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPm8wu5ZM$>





Ebeko  | Paramushir Island (Russia)  | 50.686°N, 156.014°E  | Summit elev.
1103 m



KVERT reported that moderate activity at Ebeko was ongoing during 29
December 2022-5 January 2023. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk
(Paramushir Island, about 7 km E) explosions during 31 December and 1-5
January generated ash plumes that rose as high as 4 km (13,100 ft) a.s.l.
and drifted NE and E. A thermal anomaly was identified in satellite images
during 3-4 January and an ash cloud drifted 12 km NE on 4 January. The
Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a
four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in
local time where noted.



Geologic Summary. The flat-topped summit of the central cone of Ebeko
volcano, one of the most active in the Kuril Islands, occupies the northern
end of Paramushir Island. Three summit craters located along a SSW-NNE line
form Ebeko volcano proper, at the northern end of a complex of five
volcanic cones. Blocky lava flows extend west from Ebeko and SE from the
neighboring Nezametnyi cone. The eastern part of the southern crater
contains strong solfataras and a large boiling spring. The central crater
is filled by a lake about 20 m deep whose shores are lined with steaming
solfataras; the northern crater lies across a narrow, low barrier from the
central crater and contains a small, cold crescentic lake. Historical
activity, recorded since the late-18th century, has been restricted to
small-to-moderate explosive eruptions from the summit craters. Intense
fumarolic activity occurs in the summit craters, on the outer flanks of the
cone, and in lateral explosion craters.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YeenfmZ4$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPCHJWA6w$>





Etna  | Sicily (Italy)  | 37.748°N, 14.999°E  | Summit elev. 3357 m



INGV reported that the vents at the NE base of Etnaâ??s SE Crater, in the
Valle del Leone at about 2,800 m elevation, continued to feed lava flows
during 2-8 January. The active flow field consisted of overlapping lava
flows that expanded into the Valle del Leone and the Valle del Bove and
hornitos. By 7 January the longest active lava flow had descended to 2,170
m elevation, and the area of the flow field was an estimated 0.63 square
kilometers. Gas emissions rose from the summit craters, mainly at Bocca
Nuova.



Geologic Summary. Mount Etna, towering above Catania on the island of
Sicily, has one of the world's longest documented records of volcanism,
dating back to 1500 BCE. Historical lava flows of basaltic composition
cover much of the surface of this massive volcano, whose edifice is the
highest and most voluminous in Italy. The Mongibello stratovolcano,
truncated by several small calderas, was constructed during the late
Pleistocene and Holocene over an older shield volcano. The most prominent
morphological feature of Etna is the Valle del Bove, a 5 x 10 km caldera
open to the east. Two styles of eruptive activity typically occur,
sometimes simultaneously. Persistent explosive eruptions, sometimes with
minor lava emissions, take place from one or more summit craters. Flank
vents, typically with higher effusion rates, are less frequently active and
originate from fissures that open progressively downward from near the
summit (usually accompanied by Strombolian eruptions at the upper end).
Cinder cones are commonly constructed over the vents of lower-flank lava
flows. Lava flows extend to the foot of the volcano on all sides and have
reached the sea over a broad area on the SE flank.



Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YdKII9cF$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvP6SDQ-RE$>





Fuego  | South-Central Guatemala  | 14.473°N, 90.88°W  | Summit elev. 3763 m



INSIVUMEH reported that 2-8 explosions per hour were recorded at Fuego
during 3-10 January, generating ash plumes that rose more than 1.2 km above
the crater rim and drifted as far as 30 km in various directions. Daily
ashfall was noted in areas downwind including Morelia (9 km SW), Panimaché
I and II (8 km SW), Santa Sofía (12 km SW), El Porvenir (8 km ENE), Los
Yucales (12 km SW), Sangre de Cristo (8 km WSW), El Porvenir (8 km ENE),
San Pedro Yepocapa (8 km NW), and Finca Palo Verde. The avalanches
occasionally resuspended ash deposits that rose 100 m and drifted W and SW.
Daily shock waves rattled structures in communities around the volcano.
Daily block avalanches descended the Ceniza (SSW), Seca (W), Trinidad (S),
Taniluyá (SW), Honda, Las Lajas (SE), El Jute (ESE), and Trinity drainages,
sometimes reaching vegetated areas. Strombolian explosions ejected
incandescent material as high as 300 m above the summit almost daily.



Geologic Summary. Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active
volcanoes, is also one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking
Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice, Meseta,
lies between Fuego and Acatenango to the north. Construction of Meseta
dates back to about 230,000 years and continued until the late Pleistocene
or early Holocene. Collapse of Meseta may have produced the massive
Escuintla debris-avalanche deposit, which extends about 50 km onto the
Pacific coastal plain. Growth of the modern Fuego volcano followed,
continuing the southward migration of volcanism that began at the mostly
andesitic Acatenango. Eruptions at Fuego have become more mafic with time,
and most historical activity has produced basaltic rocks. Frequent vigorous
historical eruptions have been recorded since the onset of the Spanish era
in 1524, and have produced major ashfalls, along with occasional
pyroclastic flows and lava flows.



Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e
Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YdJymYp-$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPaLtepws$>





Great Sitkin  | Andreanof Islands (USA)  | 52.076°N, 176.13°W  | Summit
elev. 1740 m



AVO reported that slow lava effusion likely continued at Great Sitkin
during 4-10 January, though weather clouds often obscured satellite and
webcam views. A few small daily earthquakes were detected during 6-10
January and slightly elevated surface temperatures were identified in
satellite images during 7-10 January. The Volcano Alert Level remained at
Watch (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation
Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color
scale).



Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side
of Great Sitkin Island. A younger parasitic volcano capped by a small, 0.8
x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large
late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure
that truncated an ancestral volcano and produced a submarine debris
avalanche. Deposits from this and an older debris avalanche from a source
to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano.
The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp.
Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the
flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was
partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small
older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed
along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and
fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano.
Historical eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YWbeQYxt$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPR2qCJ5s$>





Kerinci  | Central Sumatra  | 1.697°S, 101.264°E  | Summit elev. 3800 m



The eruption at Kerinci was ongoing during 4-8 January with brown,
brown-to-gray, or white-and-brown ash plumes rising as high as 200 m above
the crater rim and drifting NE and E. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a
scale of 1-4).



Geologic Summary. Gunung Kerinci in central Sumatra forms Indonesia's
highest volcano and is one of the most active in Sumatra. It is capped by
an unvegetated young summit cone that was constructed NE of an older crater
remnant. There is a deep 600-m-wide summit crater often partially filled by
a small crater lake that lies on the NE crater floor, opposite the SW-rim
summit. The massive 13 x 25 km wide volcano towers 2400-3300 m above
surrounding plains and is elongated in a N-S direction. Frequently active,
Kerinci has been the source of numerous moderate explosive eruptions since
its first recorded eruption in 1838.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YZXgSqYK$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPM1aYr_c$>





Krakatau  | Sunda Strait  | 6.102°S, 105.423°E  | Summit elev. 155 m



PVMBG reported that the eruption at Anak Krakatau continued. A dense gray
ash plume was seen at 1410 on 4 January rising 100 m above the summit and
drifting E, followed at 1509 by a dense gray-to-black ash plume to 3 km
above summit that also drifted E. Another event at 0013 on 5 January sent a
dense gray ash plume 750 m above the summit that drifted NE. Although
weather sometimes prevented visual observations during 6-9 January, white
plumes of variable intensities rose as high as 200 m from the summit and
drifted mainly NE and E. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4),
and the public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the crater.



Geologic Summary. The renowned volcano Krakatau (frequently misstated as
Krakatoa) lies in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra. Collapse of
the ancestral edifice, perhaps in 416 or 535 CE, formed a 7-km-wide
caldera. Remnants of that volcano are preserved in Verlaten and Lang
Islands; subsequently Rakata, Danan, and Perbuwatan volcanoes were formed,
coalescing to create the pre-1883 Krakatau Island. Caldera collapse during
the catastrophic 1883 eruption destroyed Danan and Perbuwatan, and left
only a remnant of Rakata. This eruption caused more than 36,000 fatalities,
most as a result of tsunamis that swept the adjacent coastlines of Sumatra
and Java. Pyroclastic surges traveled 40 km across the Sunda Strait and
reached the Sumatra coast. After a quiescence of less than a half century,
the post-collapse cone of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) was constructed
within the 1883 caldera at a point between the former cones of Danan and
Perbuwatan. Anak Krakatau has been the site of frequent eruptions since
1927.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YZXgSqYK$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPM1aYr_c$>





Merapi  | Central Java  | 7.54°S, 110.446°E  | Summit elev. 2910 m



BPPTKG reported that the eruption at Merapi continued during 30 December
2022-5 January 2023 and seismicity remained at high levels. The SW lava
dome produced eight lava avalanches that traveled as far as 1.5 km down the
SW flank (upstream in the Kali Bebeng drainage). One pyroclastic flow
descended 900 m SW. No significant morphological changes to the central and
SW lava domes were evident in webcam images. The Alert Level remained at 3
(on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the
summit based on location.



Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in
one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape
immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and
southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth
of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse
perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the
eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young
Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began
SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying
growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have
devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused
many fatalities.



Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi
(BPPTKG) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YQPCNy0X$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPmQbhJms$>





Nevado del Ruiz  | Colombia  | 4.892°N, 75.324°W  | Summit elev. 5279 m



Servicio Geológico Colombianoâ??s (SGC) reported that at 0706 on 6 January an
ash cloud rose from Nevado del Ruiz and drifted NE, causing ashfall in
Villahermosa (27 km NE). The ash emission occurred simultaneously with a
seismic signal indicated moving fluids within the volcanoâ??s conduit. The
Alert Level remained at 3 (Yellow; the second lowest level on a four-color
scale).



Geologic Summary. Nevado del Ruiz is a broad, glacier-covered volcano in
central Colombia that covers more than 200 km2. Three major edifices,
composed of andesitic and dacitic lavas and andesitic pyroclastics, have
been constructed since the beginning of the Pleistocene. The modern cone
consists of a broad cluster of lava domes built within the caldera of an
older edifice. The 1-km-wide, 240-m-deep Arenas crater occupies the summit.
The prominent La Olleta pyroclastic cone located on the SW flank may also
have been active in historical time. Steep headwalls of massive landslides
cut the flanks. Melting of its summit icecap during historical eruptions,
which date back to the 16th century, has resulted in devastating lahars,
including one in 1985 that was South America's deadliest eruption.



Source: Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3Yb9dOcrK$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvP5dHgPvI$>





Nevados de Chillan  | Central Chile  | 36.868°S, 71.378°W  | Summit elev.
3180 m



On 10 January SERNAGEOMIN lowered the Alert Level for Nevados de Chillán to
Green, the lowest level on a four-color scale. No activity at the surface
had been observed since mid-October 2022; other data reflected ongoing
internal processes, though recently the activity had been lower and
gradually returning to background levels. The report reminded residents not
to approach the crater within 500 m. According to ONEMI, Sistema Nacional
de Prevención y Respuesta ante Desastres (SINAPRED) declared â??Preventive
Early Warningâ?? for the communities of Pinto and Coihueco.



Geologic Summary. The compound volcano of Nevados de Chillán is one of the
most active of the Central Andes. Three late-Pleistocene to Holocene
stratovolcanoes were constructed along a NNW-SSE line within three nested
Pleistocene calderas, which produced ignimbrite sheets extending more than
100 km into the Central Depression of Chile. The dominantly andesitic Cerro
Blanco (Volcán Nevado) stratovolcano is located at the NW end of the
massif. Volcán Viejo (Volcán Chillán), which was the main active vent
during the 17th-19th centuries, occupies the SE end. The Volcán Nuevo
lava-dome complex formed during 1906-1945 on the NW flank of Viejo. The
Volcán Arrau dome complex was then constructed on the SE side of Volcán
Nuevo between 1973 and 1986, and eventually exceeded its height. Smaller
domes or cones are present in the 5-km valley between the two major
edifices.



Sources: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.sernageomin.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YbQ980PF$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.sernageomin.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPn-WyhUo$>
;

Oficina Nacional de Emergencia-Ministerio del Interior (ONEMI)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.onemi.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YYoWW6hJ$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.onemi.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvP_0V3Z1M$>





Santa Maria  | Southwestern Guatemala  | 14.757°N, 91.552°W  | Summit elev.
3745 m



INSIVUMEH reported that the eruption at Santa Maríaâ??s Santiaguito lava-dome
complex continued during 3-10 January. Effusion from Caliente cone fed lava
flows that descended the San Isidro and El Tambor drainages on the W and SW
flanks. Occasional block avalanches from the dome, and from both the ends
and sides of the flows, descended the S, SW, and W flanks. The avalanches
sometimes generated minor ash plumes that rose along their paths. Almost
daily explosions produced gas-and-steam plumes with minor amounts of ash
that rose as high as 800 m above the complex and sometimes drifted 5-8 km
SW. Ashfall was reported in Las Marías (10 km S) and El Viejo Palmar (11 km
S) during 8-9 January.



Geologic Summary. Symmetrical, forest-covered Santa María volcano is part
of a chain of large stratovolcanoes that rise above the Pacific coastal
plain of Guatemala. The sharp-topped, conical profile is cut on the SW
flank by a 1.5-km-wide crater. The oval-shaped crater extends from just
below the summit to the lower flank, and was formed during a catastrophic
eruption in 1902. The renowned Plinian eruption of 1902 that devastated
much of SW Guatemala followed a long repose period after construction of
the large basaltic-andesite stratovolcano. The massive dacitic Santiaguito
lava-dome complex has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater since
1922. Compound dome growth at Santiaguito has occurred episodically from
four vents, with activity progressing W towards the most recent, Caliente.
Dome growth has been accompanied by almost continuous minor explosions,
with periodic lava extrusion, larger explosions, pyroclastic flows, and
lahars.



Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e
Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YdJymYp-$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPaLtepws$>





Semeru  | Eastern Java  | 8.108°S, 112.922°E  | Summit elev. 3657 m



PVMBG reported that the eruption at Semeru continued during 3-10 January;
weather clouds prevented visual observations during 4-6 January. At 0503 on
7 January a white-to-gray ash plume rose 400 m above the summit and drifted
N. Ash plumes of variable densities generally rose 200-400 m above the
summit and drifted N and NE on 8 January. At 0819 a white-to-brown ash
plume rose 500 m and drifted N and NE. A webcam image posted on social
media showed an incandescent lava flow extending 500 m from the summit
crater on the SE flank. On 9 January at 0652 a white-to-brown ash plume
rose 200 m and drifted N and NE. On 10 January white-and-gray ash plumes
rose as high as 300 m and drifted N and NE. The Alert Level remained at 3
(on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from
the summit, and 500 m from Kobokan drainages within 17 km of the summit,
along with other drainages originating on Semeru, including the Bang,
Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.



Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most
active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to
the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru
(Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru
was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas.
A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting
through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and
NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from
NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by
small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava
flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that
have reached the lower flanks of the volcano.



Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YZXgSqYK$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPM1aYr_c$>
;

Info Semeru https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://linktr.ee/infosemeru__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YR_nV9iS$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://linktr.ee/infosemeru__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPu8uvoR0$>





Sheveluch  | Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | 56.653°N, 161.36°E  | Summit
elev. 3283 m



KVERT reported that the ongoing eruption at Sheveluch during 29 December
2022-5 January 2023 was generally characterized by explosions, hot
avalanches, lava-dome extrusion, and strong fumarolic activity. A daily
thermal anomaly was identified in satellite images, and ash plumes from
lava-dome collapses drifted 175 km E, NE, W, and SW during 30-31 December
and 4-5 January. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second
highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times;
specific events are in local time where noted.



Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also
spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya
volcano group. The 1,300 km3 andesitic volcano is one of Kamchatka's
largest and most active volcanic structures, with at least 60 large
eruptions during the Holocene. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary
Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera
breached to the south. Many lava domes occur on its outer flanks. The
Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene
within the large open caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place
on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. Widespread tephra layers from these
eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in
Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964,
have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of
the breached caldera.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YeenfmZ4$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPCHJWA6w$>





Stromboli  | Aeolian Islands (Italy)  | 38.789°N, 15.213°E  | Summit elev.
924 m



INGV reported that both explosive and effusive activity at Stromboli
occurred during 2-8 January at four vents in Area N, within the upper part
of the Sciara del Fuoco, and at one vent in the Area C-S (South-Central
Crater area) in the crater terrace area. The explosions were variable in
intensity and ejected coarse material (bombs and lapilli) 80-150 m at a
rate of 3-10 explosions per hour. Intense spattering from all four vents
occurred during the week. Explosive activity at the Central-South area (CS)
ejected fine-to-coarse material as high as 250 m above the vent at a rate
of 1-4 explosions per hour.



At 2136 on 2 January lava overflowed vents in the N2 area, after a period
of intense spattering. The lava flowed part way down the Sciara del Fuoco,
likely channeled in the ravine that had formed in October, out of view from
webcams. The flow was well-fed for a couple of hours but then effusion
slowed or stopped, and it began to cool. The same activity occurred again,
with a lava overflow occurring at 0224 on 4 January, traveling about the
same distance, and cooling within a few hours.



Geologic Summary. Spectacular incandescent nighttime explosions at
Stromboli have long attracted visitors to the "Lighthouse of the
Mediterranean" in the NE Aeolian Islands. This volcano has lent its name to
the frequent mild explosive activity that has characterized its eruptions
throughout much of historical time. The small island is the emergent summit
of a volcano that grew in two main eruptive cycles, the last of which
formed the western portion of the island. The Neostromboli eruptive period
took place between about 13,000 and 5,000 years ago. The active summit
vents are located at the head of the Sciara del Fuoco, a prominent scarp
that formed about 5,000 years ago due to a series of slope failures which
extends to below sea level. The modern volcano has been constructed within
this scarp, which funnels pyroclastic ejecta and lava flows to the NW.
Essentially continuous mild Strombolian explosions, sometimes accompanied
by lava flows, have been recorded for more than a millennium.



Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YdKII9cF$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvP6SDQ-RE$>





Suwanosejima  | Ryukyu Islands (Japan)  | 29.638°N, 129.714°E  | Summit
elev. 796 m



JMA reported that the eruption at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued
during 2-9 January. No explosions were recorded, though eruption plumes
rose as high as 1.3 km above the crater rim. During 2-6 January blocks were
ejected as far as 200 m from the vent and ashfall was occasionally reported
in Toshima village (3.5 km SSW). The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a
5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.



Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long island of Suwanosejima in the northern
Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two historically
active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater
extending to the sea on the east flank that was formed by edifice collapse.
One of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, it was in a state of
intermittent Strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, between
1949 and 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest
recorded eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits
blanketed residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that
reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake
collapsed, forming a large debris avalanche and creating the open Sakuchi
caldera, which extends to the eastern coast. The island remained
uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows
reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live
on the island.



Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YemoHd6Z$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPtiu3bsM$>





Villarrica  | Central Chile  | 39.42°S, 71.93°W  | Summit elev. 2847 m



SERNAGEOMIN reported that activity at Villarrica had increased in recent
weeks, with explosions ejecting material almost as far as 480 m, near the
extent of the 500 m exclusion zone in place around the crater. On 6 January
the exclusion zone was increased to 1 km as a preventative measure. The
Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color
scale). ONEMI maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the middle level on a
three-color scale) for the municipalities of Villarrica, Pucón (16 km N),
Curarrehue, and the commune of Panguipulli.



Geologic Summary. Glacier-clad Villarrica, one of Chile's most active
volcanoes, rises above the lake and town of the same name. It is the
westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes that trend perpendicular to the
Andean chain. A 6-km-wide caldera formed during the late Pleistocene. A
2-km-wide caldera that formed about 3500 years ago is located at the base
of the presently active, dominantly basaltic to basaltic-andesitic cone at
the NW margin of the Pleistocene caldera. More than 30 scoria cones and
fissure vents dot the flanks. Plinian eruptions and pyroclastic flows that
have extended up to 20 km from the volcano were produced during the
Holocene. Lava flows up to 18 km long have issued from summit and flank
vents. Historical eruptions, documented since 1558, have consisted largely
of mild-to-moderate explosive activity with occasional lava effusion.
Glaciers cover 40 km2 of the volcano, and lahars have damaged towns on its
flanks.



Sources: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.sernageomin.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YbQ980PF$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.sernageomin.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvPn-WyhUo$>
;

Oficina Nacional de Emergencia-Ministerio del Interior (ONEMI)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.onemi.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cKeiWubrzYEeYZUxRuBBn-fRBtG-qpd7AvDXxnE-KzGgMbLvuUea_rRritBFFnc4CMWjWhS3YYoWW6hJ$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.onemi.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bTblTyYFQC_NPgr2GpLfCK_yCvWK-wEUsxQeU3-kna6dUnII9rn9gmFmhM-mACjq8DvP_0V3Z1M$>



4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4




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End of Volcano Digest - 10 Jan 2023 to 11 Jan 2023 (#2023-6)
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