Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 9 November-15 November 2022

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2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2


From: "Bennis, Kadie" <BennisK@xxxxxx>


Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

9 November-15 November 2022

Kadie Bennis â?? Volcano Data Researcher (bennisk@xxxxxx)
URL: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_CGelC7V$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhrgxghyhg$>


New Activity/Unrest: Ahyi, Mariana Islands (USA)  | Ambae, Vanuatu
 | Kavachi, Solomon Islands  | Kikai, Ryukyu Islands (Japan)

Ongoing Activity: Aira, Kyushu (Japan)  | Alaid, Kuril Islands (Russia)
 | Bezymianny, Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | Dukono, Halmahera  | Ebeko,
Paramushir Island (Russia)  | Fuego, South-Central Guatemala  | Great
Sitkin, Andreanof Islands (USA)  | Heard, Kerguelen Plateau  | Ibu,
Halmahera  | Karangetang, Sangihe Islands  | Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka
(Russia)  | Kerinci, Central Sumatra  | Kilauea, Hawaiian Islands (USA)
 | Krakatau, Sunda Strait  | Manam, Northeast of New Guinea  | Mauna Loa,
Hawaiian Islands (USA)  | Mayon, Luzon (Philippines)  | Merapi, Central
Java  | Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia  | Pavlof, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska
 | Popocatepetl, Mexico  | Reventador, Ecuador  | Sabancaya, Peru
 | Sangay, Ecuador  | Santa Maria, Southwestern Guatemala  | Semeru,
Eastern Java  | Sheveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | Suwanosejima,
Ryukyu Islands (Japan)

The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the
Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's
Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports
are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail.
This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting
during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet
criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section.
Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in
issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network.

Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the
Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To
obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on
the Internet contact the source.





*New Activity/Unrest*


*Ahyi*  | Mariana Islands (USA)  | 20.42°N, 145.03°E  | Summit elev. -75 m

On 15 November the USGS reported that hydroacoustic sensors at Wake Island
began to record signals in mid-October that are consistent with submarine
volcanic activity. A combined analysis of the hydroacoustic signals and
seismic data from stations on Guam and Chichijima Island, Japan, suggest
the source of this activity is at or near Ahyi seamount. Contrary to
initial observations of there being discoloration on the waterâ??s surface, a
reanalysis of satellite imagery from 6 November showed no evidence of water
discoloration at the ocean surface.

Geologic Summary. Ahyi seamount is a large conical submarine volcano that
rises to within 75 m of the sea surface about 18 km SE of the island of
Farallon de Pajaros (Uracas) in the northern Marianas. Water discoloration
has been observed there, and in 1979 the crew of a fishing boat felt shocks
over the summit area of the seamount, followed by upwelling of
sulfur-bearing water. On 24-25 April 2001 an explosive eruption was
detected seismically by a station on Rangiroa Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago.
The event was well constrained (+/- 15 km) at a location near the southern
base of Ahyi. An eruption in April-May 2014 was detected by NOAA divers,
hydroacoustic sensors, and seismic stations.

Source: Emergency Management Office of the Commonwealth of the Mariana
Islands and United States Geological Survey Volcano Hazards Program
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/nmi/activity/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_LZoySdx$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/nmi/activity/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhpjlncA9g$>





*Ambae*  | Vanuatu  | 15.389°S, 167.835°E  | Summit elev. 1496 m

On 15 November the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-Hazards Department (VMGD)
reported that at approximately 1300 satellite data showed a large sulfur
dioxide emission from Ambae. Seismicity also slightly increased. Residents
on the southern and northern parts of the island reported a strong smell of
sulfur dioxide gas and heard explosions. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on
a scale of 0-5) and the public was warned to stay outside of the Danger
Zone, defined as a 2-km radius around the active vents in Lake Voui, and
away from drainages during heavy rains.

Geologic Summary. The island of Ambae, also known as Aoba, is a massive
2,500 km3 basaltic shield that is the most voluminous volcano of the New
Hebrides archipelago. A pronounced NE-SW-trending rift zone dotted with
scoria cones gives the 16 x 38 km island an elongated form. A broad
pyroclastic cone containing three crater lakes (Manaro Ngoru, Voui, and
Manaro Lakua) is located at the summit within the youngest of at least two
nested calderas, the largest of which is 6 km in diameter. That large
central edifice is also called Manaro Voui or Lombenben volcano.
Post-caldera explosive eruptions formed the summit craters about 360 years
ago. A tuff cone was constructed within Lake Voui (or Vui) about 60 years
later. The latest known flank eruption, about 300 years ago, destroyed the
population of the Nduindui area near the western coast.

Source: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-Hazards Department (VMGD)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geohazards.gov.vu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_NhRksFN$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geohazards.gov.vu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhqayQkgrw$>





*Kavachi*  | Solomon Islands  | 8.991°S, 157.979°E  | Summit elev. -20 m

Satellite data showed distinct yellow-green discolored water in the
vicinity of the submarine Kavachi volcano on 2, 7, 12, and 22 September, 2,
7, 12, 17, and 27 October, and 1, 6, and 11 November.

Geologic Summary. Named for a sea-god of the Gatokae and Vangunu peoples,
Kavachi is one of the most active submarine volcanoes in the SW Pacific,
located in the Solomon Islands south of Vangunu Island. Sometimes referred
to as Rejo te Kvachi ("Kavachi's Oven"), this shallow submarine
basaltic-to-andesitic volcano has produced ephemeral islands up to 1 km
long many times since its first recorded eruption during 1939. Residents of
the nearby islands of Vanguna and Nggatokae (Gatokae) reported "fire on the
water" prior to 1939, a possible reference to earlier eruptions. The
roughly conical edifice rises from water depths of 1.1-1.2 km on the north
and greater depths to the SE. Frequent shallow submarine and occasional
subaerial eruptions produce phreatomagmatic explosions that eject steam,
ash, and incandescent bombs. On a number of occasions lava flows were
observed on the ephemeral islands.

Source: Sentinel Hub https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_O-Mh_Sw$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhoZMF21zw$>





*Kikai*  | Ryukyu Islands (Japan)  | 30.793°N, 130.305°E  | Summit elev.
704 m

JMA reported that minor eruptive activity continued to be recorded at
Satsuma Iwo-jima, a subaerial part of Kikaiâ??s NW caldera rim, during 7-14
November. White gas-and-steam plumes rose 600 m above the crater rim.
Surveillance cameras observed nightly incandescence. The Alert Level
remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 500 m
away from the crater.

Geologic Summary. Kikai is a mostly submerged, 19-km-wide caldera near the
northern end of the Ryukyu Islands south of Kyushu. It was the source of
one of the world's largest Holocene eruptions about 6,300 years ago when
rhyolitic pyroclastic flows traveled across the sea for a total distance of
100 km to southern Kyushu, and ashfall reached the northern Japanese island
of Hokkaido. The eruption devastated southern and central Kyushu, which
remained uninhabited for several centuries. Post-caldera eruptions formed
Iodake lava dome and Inamuradake scoria cone, as well as submarine lava
domes. Historical eruptions have occurred at or near Satsuma-Iojima (also
known as Tokara-Iojima), a small 3 x 6 km island forming part of the NW
caldera rim. Showa-Iojima lava dome (also known as Iojima-Shinto), a small
island 2 km E of Tokara-Iojima, was formed during submarine eruptions in
1934 and 1935. Mild-to-moderate explosive eruptions have occurred during
the past few decades from Iodake, a rhyolitic lava dome at the eastern end
of Tokara-Iojima.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_EwqZ7-A$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhqMnn6DBg$>






*Ongoing Activity*



*Aira*  | Kyushu (Japan)  | 31.593°N, 130.657°E  | Summit elev. 1117 m

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira
Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) and nighttime crater incandescence during
9-15 November. An eruptive event at 2130 on 10 November generated an
eruption plume that rose to 1 km above the crater rim. An explosion at 2010
on 15 November produced an ash plume that rose 600 m above the crater and
drifted SE. Seven volcanic earthquakes were detected. The Alert Level
remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km
away from the crater.

Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay
contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active.
Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of
the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera
was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the Aira caldera,
along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began
about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim of Aira caldera and built an
island that was finally joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major
explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit
cone ended about 4850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at
Minamidake. Frequent historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century,
have deposited ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located
across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical
eruption took place during 1471-76.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_EwqZ7-A$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhqMnn6DBg$>






*Alaid*  | Kuril Islands (Russia)  | 50.861°N, 155.565°E  | Summit elev.
2285 m

KVERT reported that the eruption at Alaid was ongoing during 3-10 November.
A weak thermal anomaly was identified in satellite images on 3, 6, and 8-9
November; the volcano was obscured by clouds the other days of the week. On
10 November, KVERT reported that the eruptive activity was gradually
decreasing. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest
level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events
are in local time where noted.

Geologic Summary. The highest and northernmost volcano of the Kuril
Islands, 2285-m-high Alaid is a symmetrical stratovolcano when viewed from
the north, but has a 1.5-km-wide summit crater that is breached widely to
the south. Alaid is the northernmost of a chain of volcanoes constructed
west of the main Kuril archipelago. Numerous pyroclastic cones dot the
lower flanks of this basaltic to basaltic-andesite volcano, particularly on
the NW and SE sides, including an offshore cone formed during the 1933-34
eruption. Strong explosive eruptions have occurred from the summit crater
beginning in the 18th century. Reports of eruptions in 1770, 1789, 1821,
1829, 1843, 1848, and 1858 were considered incorrect by Gorshkov (1970).
Explosive eruptions in 1790 and 1981 were among the largest in the Kuril
Islands during historical time.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_LoHB-ph$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhoSLKV7Bg$>





*Bezymianny*  | Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | 55.972°N, 160.595°E  | Summit
elev. 2882 m

KVERT reported that during 3-10 November a daily thermal anomaly over
Bezymianny was identified in satellite images. Strong fumarolic activity
was visible, the lava dome continued to grow and was sometimes incandescent
at night, and occasional collapses from the dome produced avalanches of hot
material. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest
level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events
are in local time where noted.

Geologic Summary. The modern Bezymianny, much smaller than its massive
neighbors Kamen and Kliuchevskoi on the Kamchatka Peninsula, was formed
about 4,700 years ago over a late-Pleistocene lava-dome complex and an
ancestral edifice built about 11,000-7,000 years ago. Three periods of
intensified activity have occurred during the past 3,000 years. The latest
period, which was preceded by a 1,000-year quiescence, began with the
dramatic 1955-56 eruption. This eruption, similar to that of St. Helens in
1980, produced a large open crater that was formed by collapse of the
summit and an associated lateral blast. Subsequent episodic but ongoing
lava-dome growth, accompanied by intermittent explosive activity and
pyroclastic flows, has largely filled the 1956 crater.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_LoHB-ph$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhoSLKV7Bg$>





*Dukono*  | Halmahera  | 1.693°N, 127.894°E  | Summit elev. 1229 m

PVMBG reported that daily white-and-gray gas-and-steam plumes from Dukono
rose as high as 800 m above the summit and drifted NE, E, and S during 9-15
November. The Darwin VAAC reported a continuous ash plume that rose to 2.1
km altitude and extended E on 11 November, based on satellite imagery. A
discrete ash plume on 14 November rose to 10.7 km altitude and drifted SW.
In addition, a strong hotspot and sulfur dioxide signal was observed in
satellite imagery. On the same day, a continuous ash plume rose to 2.1-2.4
km altitude and drifted NE, which persisted through 15 November. The Alert
Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to
remain outside of the 2-km exclusion zone.

Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost
Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active
volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes
accompanied by lava flows, occurred from 1933 until at least the mid-1990s,
when routine observations were curtailed. During a major eruption in 1550,
a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the north-flank cone
of Gunung Mamuya. This complex volcano presents a broad, low profile with
multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of
the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been
active during historical time.

Sources:
Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_A-peTvt$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhqmYV5y8w$>
;
Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_AIQ08y0$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhoPWOPjTw$>





*Ebeko*  | Paramushir Island (Russia)  | 50.686°N, 156.014°E  | Summit
elev. 1103 m

KVERT reported that moderate activity at Ebeko was ongoing. According to
volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E)
explosions on 4, 5, 7, and 9 November generated ash plumes that rose to
2.2-3.1 km altitude and drifted in E, NE, and N directions. Ashfall was
reported at Severo-Kurilsk on 7 November. A thermal anomaly was identified
in satellite images on 4 November; the volcano was covered by clouds the
other days of the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the
second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times;
specific events are in local time where noted.

Geologic Summary. The flat-topped summit of the central cone of Ebeko
volcano, one of the most active in the Kuril Islands, occupies the northern
end of Paramushir Island. Three summit craters located along a SSW-NNE line
form Ebeko volcano proper, at the northern end of a complex of five
volcanic cones. Blocky lava flows extend west from Ebeko and SE from the
neighboring Nezametnyi cone. The eastern part of the southern crater
contains strong solfataras and a large boiling spring. The central crater
is filled by a lake about 20 m deep whose shores are lined with steaming
solfataras; the northern crater lies across a narrow, low barrier from the
central crater and contains a small, cold crescentic lake. Historical
activity, recorded since the late-18th century, has been restricted to
small-to-moderate explosive eruptions from the summit craters. Intense
fumarolic activity occurs in the summit craters, on the outer flanks of the
cone, and in lateral explosion craters.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_LoHB-ph$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhoSLKV7Bg$>





*Fuego*  | South-Central Guatemala  | 14.473°N, 90.88°W  | Summit elev.
3763 m

INSIVUMEH reported that 5-12 explosions per hour were recorded at Fuego
during 9-15 November, generating daily ash plumes that rose as high as
4.5-4.8 km above the crater rim. The ash plumes drifted as far as 10-15 km
S, SE, E, NE, SW, and W, causing fine ashfall in areas downwind, including
Panimaché I and II (8 km SW), Morelia (9 km SW), La Asunción, La Rochela,
Ceilán, San Andrés Osuna, El Rodeo, Ceylén, Santa Sofía (12 km SW), El
Porvenir (8 km ENE), Finca Palo Verde, Sangre de Cristo (8 km WSW), and
Yepocapa (8 km NW). The explosions generated weak and moderate rumbling
that vibrated the roofs and windows of nearby houses. Daily block
avalanches descended the Seca (W), Taniluyá (SW), Ceniza (SSW), Trinidad
(S), Las Lajas (SE), Honda, Santa Teresa, and El Jute (ESE) drainages,
often reaching vegetated areas. The avalanches uplifted fine material 200 m
high that dispersed to the S and SW. Explosions ejected incandescent
material as high as 400 m above the summit. Weak crater incandescence was
observed accompanied by gas-and-steam emissions. On 9 November lahars were
generated in the Las Lajas and Ceniza drainages, which carried branches,
tree trunks, and blocks 30 cm to 1.5 m in diameter.

Geologic Summary. Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active
volcanoes, is also one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking
Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice, Meseta,
lies between Fuego and Acatenango to the north. Construction of Meseta
dates back to about 230,000 years and continued until the late Pleistocene
or early Holocene. Collapse of Meseta may have produced the massive
Escuintla debris-avalanche deposit, which extends about 50 km onto the
Pacific coastal plain. Growth of the modern Fuego volcano followed,
continuing the southward migration of volcanism that began at the mostly
andesitic Acatenango. Eruptions at Fuego have become more mafic with time,
and most historical activity has produced basaltic rocks. Frequent vigorous
historical eruptions have been recorded since the onset of the Spanish era
in 1524, and have produced major ashfalls, along with occasional
pyroclastic flows and lava flows.

Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e
Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_HgyRwGC$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhrmQb2Ilw$>





*Great Sitkin*  | Andreanof Islands (USA)  | 52.076°N, 176.13°W  | Summit
elev. 1740 m

AVO reported that slow lava effusion continued at Great Sitkin during 9-15
November and seismicity was low. Satellite images were often cloudy, though
elevated surface temperatures were identified on 9, 13, and 15 November.
The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the second highest level on a
four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the
second highest level on a four-color scale).

Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side
of Great Sitkin Island. A younger parasitic volcano capped by a small, 0.8
x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large
late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure
that truncated an ancestral volcano and produced a submarine debris
avalanche. Deposits from this and an older debris avalanche from a source
to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano.
The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp.
Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the
flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was
partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small
older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed
along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and
fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano.
Historical eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century.

Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_HlB3_6U$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhqjfSMTJA$>





*Heard*  | Kerguelen Plateau  | 53.106°S, 73.513°E  | Summit elev. 2745 m

Satellite images of Heard Islandâ??s Big Ben volcano showed thermal anomalies
of varying intensity over Mawson Peak (the summit area) and on the NW flank
on 9 and 14 November. Weather clouds prevented views of the volcano for the
rest of the month. The thermal anomaly on 9 November consisted of three
pixels that trended NE-SW from the summit. The activity on 14 November was
visible as a larger anomaly over a vent or multiple vents about less than 1
km NW of the peak.

Geologic Summary. Heard Island on the Kerguelen Plateau in the southern
Indian Ocean consists primarily of the emergent portion of two volcanic
structures. The large glacier-covered composite basaltic-to-trachytic cone
of Big Ben comprises most of the island, and the smaller Mt. Dixon lies at
the NW tip of the island across a narrow isthmus. Little is known about the
structure of Big Ben because of its extensive ice cover. The historically
active Mawson Peak forms the island's high point and lies within a 5-6 km
wide caldera breached to the SW side of Big Ben. Small satellitic scoria
cones are mostly located on the northern coast. Several subglacial
eruptions have been reported at this isolated volcano, but observations are
infrequent and additional activity may have occurred.

Source: Sentinel Hub https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_O-Mh_Sw$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhoZMF21zw$>





*Ibu*  | Halmahera  | 1.488°N, 127.63°E  | Summit elev. 1325 m

PVMBG reported that the eruption at Ibu continued during 9-15 November.
Daily white and gray gas-and-steam emissions rose 200-1,000 m above the
summit and drifted S, SW, and NW. On 11 November similar emissions rose as
high as 1.5 km above the summit and drifted SW and NW. The Darwin VAAC
reported that discrete ash emissions rose to 2.1 km altitude and drifted W
on 13 November. A possible weak thermal anomaly was observed in satellite
imagery. On 15 November a hotspot was visible, accompanied by multiple ash
emissions that rose to 2.7 km altitude and drifted NE. The Alert Level
remained at a 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay at
least 2 km away from the active crater and 3.5 km away on the N side.

Geologic Summary. The truncated summit of Gunung Ibu stratovolcano along
the NW coast of Halmahera Island has large nested summit craters. The inner
crater, 1 km wide and 400 m deep, has contained several small crater lakes.
The 1.2-km-wide outer crater is breached on the N, creating a steep-walled
valley. A large cone grew ENE of the summit, and a smaller one to the WSW
has fed a lava flow down the W flank. A group of maars is located below the
N and W flanks. The first observed and recorded eruption was a small
explosion from the summit crater in 1911. Eruptive activity began again in
December 1998, producing a lava dome that eventually covered much of the
floor of the inner summit crater along with ongoing explosive ash emissions.


Sources:
Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_A-peTvt$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhqmYV5y8w$>
;
Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_AIQ08y0$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhoPWOPjTw$>





*Karangetang*  | Sangihe Islands  | 2.781°N, 125.407°E  | Summit elev. 1797
m

PVMBG reported that incandescence from Karangetangâ??s S crater on 9 November
and from both the N and S craters on 14 and 15 November. Daily white
emissions rose generally 50-150 m above the summit, but sometimes as high
as 200 m. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4).

Geologic Summary. Karangetang (Api Siau) volcano lies at the northern end
of the island of Siau, about 125 km NNE of the NE-most point of Sulawesi.
The stratovolcano contains five summit craters along a N-S line. It is one
of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, with more than 40 eruptions recorded
since 1675 and many additional small eruptions that were not documented
(Neumann van Padang, 1951). Twentieth-century eruptions have included
frequent explosive activity sometimes accompanied by pyroclastic flows and
lahars. Lava dome growth has occurred in the summit craters; collapse of
lava flow fronts have produced pyroclastic flows.

Sources:
Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_A-peTvt$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhqmYV5y8w$>
;
Sentinel Hub https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_O-Mh_Sw$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhoZMF21zw$>





*Karymsky*  | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia)  | 54.049°N, 159.443°E  | Summit
elev. 1513 m

KVERT reported that a thermal anomaly at Karymsky was identified in
satellite images on 4 and 9 November. Gas-and-steam emissions persisted.
The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a
four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in
local time where noted.

Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern
volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a
5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts
the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the
north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains
the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding
Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located
immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700
radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000
years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago,
following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows
less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or
vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava
flows from the summit crater.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_LoHB-ph$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhoSLKV7Bg$>





*Kerinci*  | Central Sumatra  | 1.697°S, 101.264°E  | Summit elev. 3800 m

PVMBG reported that diffuse white-and-brown plumes from Kerinci rose as
high as 150 m above the summit and drifted W during 9-15 November. The
Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a
four-color scale). The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and
the public was warned to remain outside of the 3-km exclusion zone.

Geologic Summary. Gunung Kerinci in central Sumatra forms Indonesia's
highest volcano and is one of the most active in Sumatra. It is capped by
an unvegetated young summit cone that was constructed NE of an older crater
remnant. There is a deep 600-m-wide summit crater often partially filled by
a small crater lake that lies on the NE crater floor, opposite the SW-rim
summit. The massive 13 x 25 km wide volcano towers 2400-3300 m above
surrounding plains and is elongated in a N-S direction. Frequently active,
Kerinci has been the source of numerous moderate explosive eruptions since
its first recorded eruption in 1838.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_A-peTvt$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhqmYV5y8w$>





*Kilauea*  | Hawaiian Islands (USA)  | 19.421°N, 155.287°W  | Summit elev.
1222 m

HVO reported that lava continued to effuse from a vent in the lower W wall
of Kilaueaâ??s Halema`uma`u Crater during 9-15 November, entering the lava
lake and flowing onto the crater floor. On 9 November the sulfur dioxide
emission rate was 600 tonnes per day (t/d). The active part of the lake
remained at a steady level all week. The Aviation Color Code and the
Volcano Alert Level remained at Orange and Watch, respectively.

Geologic Summary. Kilauea overlaps the E flank of the massive Mauna Loa
shield volcano in the island of Hawaii. Eruptions are prominent in
Polynesian legends; written documentation since 1820 records frequent
summit and flank lava flow eruptions interspersed with periods of long-term
lava lake activity at Halemaumau crater in the summit caldera until 1924.
The 3 x 5 km caldera was formed in several stages about 1,500 years ago and
during the 18th century; eruptions have also originated from the lengthy
East and Southwest rift zones, which extend to the ocean in both
directions. About 90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is
formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the surface is
younger than 600 years. The long-term eruption from the East rift zone
between 1983 and 2018 produced lava flows covering more than 100 km2,
destroyed hundreds of houses, and added new coastline.

Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_CIiIpt-$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhpPNaBVNw$>





*Krakatau*  | Sunda Strait  | 6.102°S, 105.423°E  | Summit elev. 155 m

PVMBG reported that multiple ash plumes were visible in webcam images
rising from Anak Krakatau during 11 and 14 November. Dense gray ash plumes
rose as high as 200 m above the summit and drifted NE at 1047 and at 2343
on 11 November. On 14 November at 0933 ash plumes rose 300 m above the
summit and drifted E. Daily white gas-and-steam emissions rose 25-300 m
above the summit and drifted generally E and NE. The Alert Level remained
at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay at least 5 km
away from the crater.

Geologic Summary. The renowned volcano Krakatau (frequently misstated as
Krakatoa) lies in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra. Collapse of
the ancestral edifice, perhaps in 416 or 535 CE, formed a 7-km-wide
caldera. Remnants of that volcano are preserved in Verlaten and Lang
Islands; subsequently Rakata, Danan, and Perbuwatan volcanoes were formed,
coalescing to create the pre-1883 Krakatau Island. Caldera collapse during
the catastrophic 1883 eruption destroyed Danan and Perbuwatan, and left
only a remnant of Rakata. This eruption caused more than 36,000 fatalities,
most as a result of tsunamis that swept the adjacent coastlines of Sumatra
and Java. Pyroclastic surges traveled 40 km across the Sunda Strait and
reached the Sumatra coast. After a quiescence of less than a half century,
the post-collapse cone of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) was constructed
within the 1883 caldera at a point between the former cones of Danan and
Perbuwatan. Anak Krakatau has been the site of frequent eruptions since
1927.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_A-peTvt$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhqmYV5y8w$>





*Manam*  | Northeast of New Guinea  | 4.08°S, 145.037°E  | Summit elev.
1807 m

The Darwin VAAC reported that on 14 November an ash plume from Manam rose
to 2.1 km (7,000 ft) and drifted W based on RVO webcam images.

Geologic Summary. The 10-km-wide island of Manam, lying 13 km off the
northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea, is one of the country's most
active volcanoes. Four large radial valleys extend from the unvegetated
summit of the conical basaltic-andesitic stratovolcano to its lower flanks.
These valleys channel lava flows and pyroclastic avalanches that have
sometimes reached the coast. Five small satellitic centers are located near
the island's shoreline on the northern, southern, and western sides. Two
summit craters are present; both are active, although most observed
eruptions have originated from the southern crater, concentrating eruptive
products during much of the past century into the SE valley. Frequent
eruptions, typically of mild-to-moderate scale, have been recorded since
1616. Occasional larger eruptions have produced pyroclastic flows and lava
flows that reached flat-lying coastal areas and entered the sea, sometimes
impacting populated areas.

Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_AIQ08y0$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhoPWOPjTw$>





*Mauna Loa*  | Hawaiian Islands (USA)  | 19.475°N, 155.608°W  | Summit
elev. 4170 m

HVO reported continuing unrest at Mauna Loa during 9-15 November. The
seismic network detected 27-74 daily small-magnitude (below M 3)
earthquakes 2-5 km beneath Mokuaâ??weoweo caldera and 6-8 km beneath the
upper NW flank of Mauna Loa. An M 3.6 earthquake occurred NW of the summit
on 9 November at 0621. Data from Global Positioning System (GPS)
instruments at the summit and flanks showed continuing inflation, though
data from tiltmeters at the summit did not show significant surface
deformation over the past week. The Volcano Alert Level remained at
Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation
Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color
scale).

Geologic Summary. Massive Mauna Loa shield volcano rises almost 9 km above
the sea floor to form the world's largest active volcano. Flank eruptions
are predominately from the lengthy NE and SW rift zones, and the summit is
cut by the Mokuaweoweo caldera, which sits within an older and larger 6 x 8
km caldera. Two of the youngest large debris avalanches documented in
Hawaii traveled nearly 100 km from Mauna Loa; the second of the Alika
avalanches was emplaced about 105,000 years ago (Moore et al. 1989). Almost
90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is covered by lavas less
than 4000 years old (Lockwood and Lipman, 1987). During a 750-year eruptive
period beginning about 1500 years ago, a series of voluminous overflows
from a summit lava lake covered about one fourth of the volcano's surface.
The ensuing 750-year period, from shortly after the formation of
Mokuaweoweo caldera until the present, saw an additional quarter of the
volcano covered with lava flows predominately from summit and NW rift zone
vents.

Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_CIiIpt-$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhpPNaBVNw$>





*Mayon*  | Luzon (Philippines)  | 13.257°N, 123.685°E  | Summit elev. 2462 m


PHIVOLCS reported that white gas-and-steam plumes from Mayon crept
downslope and drifted generally W during 9-15 November. Sulfur dioxide
emissions averaged 276 per day on 3 November. Faint crater incandescence
was observed at night during 9-12 November. Five volcanic earthquakes were
detected during 10-13 November. Electronic Distance Measuring (EDM),
precise leveling, continuous GPS, and electronic tilt monitoring data
showed that the volcano had been slightly inflated, especially on the NW
and SE flanks, since 2020. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 0-5 scale)
and the public was reminded to stay outside of the 6-km-radius Permanent
Danger Zone.

Geologic Summary. Symmetrical Mayon, which rises above the Albay Gulf NW of
Legazpi City, is the most active volcano of the Philippines. The steep
upper slopes are capped by a small summit crater. Recorded eruptions since
1616 CE range from Strombolian to basaltic Plinian, with cyclical activity
beginning with basaltic eruptions, followed by longer term andesitic lava
flows. Eruptions occur predominately from the central conduit and have also
produced lava flows that travel far down the flanks. Pyroclastic flows and
mudflows have commonly swept down many of the approximately 40 ravines that
radiate from the summit and have often damaged populated lowland areas. A
violent eruption in 1814 killed more than 1,200 people and devastated
several towns.

Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_JkjtzFl$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhqkBEKnQQ$>





*Merapi*  | Central Java  | 7.54°S, 110.446°E  | Summit elev. 2910 m

BPPTKG reported that the eruption at Merapi continued during 9-15 November
and seismicity remained at high levels. Cloudy often prevented clear
visuals of the summit. A seismogram detected a pyroclastic flow at 0905 on
11 November that lasted 135 seconds; it descended 1 km down the Boyong
drainage (SW), though webcam images were cloudy. A second pyroclastic flow
occurred at 1208 on the same day, lasting 104 seconds and descending 1 km
down the Boyong drainage (SW). On 12 November a lava avalanche traveled as
far as 800 m down the SW flank. Two lava avalanches were observed
descending the SW for 1.5 km on 15 November. The Alert Level remained at 3
(on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the
summit based on location.

Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in
one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape
immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and
southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth
of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse
perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the
eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young
Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began
SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying
growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have
devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused
many fatalities.

Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi
(BPPTKG) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_OATDEGf$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhrYgPHauQ$>





*Nevado del Ruiz*  | Colombia  | 4.892°N, 75.324°W  | Summit elev. 5279 m

Servicio Geológico Colombianoâ??s (SGC) reported that during 8-14 November
seismicity associated with rock fracturing at Nevado del Ruiz increased in
number and energy compared to the previous week. Some of the signals were
associated with gas-and-ash emissions. The hypocenters were located 0.6-7
km deep. The largest event was an M 3.1 that was recorded at 0225 on 10
November at a depth of 3.6 km below the crater and 2.7 km SW of the crater.
The Washington VAAC reported ash plumes that rose to 6.4-7.3 km altitude
(21,000-24,000 ft) and drifted S and SE on 11 November, based on satellite
and webcam images. During 13-14 November ash plumes rose to 6.7 km altitude
(22,000 ft) and drifted NE based on satellite and webcam images. Several
low-to-moderate thermal anomalies in Arenas Crater were identified in
satellite images. Gas-and-steam plumes (mainly sulfur dioxide) continued to
be emitted, rising as high as 1.8 km above the summit on 8 November and
drifting NW, SW, SE, and NE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (Yellow; the
second lowest level on a four-color scale).

Geologic Summary. Nevado del Ruiz is a broad, glacier-covered volcano in
central Colombia that covers more than 200 km2. Three major edifices,
composed of andesitic and dacitic lavas and andesitic pyroclastics, have
been constructed since the beginning of the Pleistocene. The modern cone
consists of a broad cluster of lava domes built within the caldera of an
older edifice. The 1-km-wide, 240-m-deep Arenas crater occupies the summit.
The prominent La Olleta pyroclastic cone located on the SW flank may also
have been active in historical time. Steep headwalls of massive landslides
cut the flanks. Melting of its summit icecap during historical eruptions,
which date back to the 16th century, has resulted in devastating lahars,
including one in 1985 that was South America's deadliest eruption.

Sources:
Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_PVv6iov$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhrWX3rjrA$>
;
Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_LhfTMoG$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhoO9kG9bQ$>





*Pavlof*  | Alaska Peninsula, Alaska  | 55.417°N, 161.894°W  | Summit elev.
2493 m

AVO reported that a minor eruption at a vent on Pavlofâ??s upper E flank was
ongoing during 9-15 November and nearly continuous seismic tremor was
recorded. Multiple explosions were detected almost daily in seismic and
infrasound data. Elevated surface temperatures were seen in cloudy
satellite images during 10 and 12-15 November. Clear webcam images taken on
12 and 15 November showed a lava flow and ash deposits on the upper flanks,
though due to cloudy conditions earlier in the week the timing of these
events is uncertain. Nighttime crater incandescence was visible in webcam
images on 14 and 15 November. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch
(the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color
Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale).

Geologic Summary. The most active volcano of the Aleutian arc, Pavlof is a
2519-m-high Holocene stratovolcano that was constructed along a line of
vents extending NE from the Emmons Lake caldera. Pavlof and its twin
volcano to the NE, 2142-m-high Pavlof Sister, form a dramatic pair of
symmetrical, glacier-covered stratovolcanoes that tower above Pavlof and
Volcano bays. A third cone, Little Pavlof, is a smaller volcano on the SW
flank of Pavlof volcano, near the rim of Emmons Lake caldera. Unlike Pavlof
Sister, Pavlof has been frequently active in historical time, typically
producing Strombolian to Vulcanian explosive eruptions from the summit
vents and occasional lava flows. The active vents lie near the summit on
the north and east sides. The largest historical eruption took place in
1911, at the end of a 5-year-long eruptive episode, when a fissure opened
on the N flank, ejecting large blocks and issuing lava flows.

Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_HlB3_6U$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Y5MPIwqsw0YnPEGu_mmcPUXZQwBHl6RSTDfU2fRudkCy89qMaMXpJ6L2pWmVCNuGTy6jIhqjfSMTJA$>




Popocatepetl  | Mexico  | 19.023°N, 98.622°W  | Summit elev. 5393 m
CENAPRED reported that there were 39-108 steam-and-gas emissions, sometimes
containing minor amounts of ash, rising from Popocatépetl each day during
9-15 November. Weather clouds often prevented visual observations of
activity. The seismic network recorded daily periods of tremor lasting from
33 minutes to 302 minutes. According to the Washington VAAC, daily ash
plumes rose to 5.8-7.6 km altitude (19,000-25,000 ft) and drifted SW, S,
SE, and E. Four minor explosions were detected at 1337, 1625, 1629, and
2026 on 10 November. Another four minor explosions were detected at 0141,
1109, 1223, and 1519 on 11 November. Three minor explosions were recorded
at 0919, 1933, and 2057 on 12 November. Three minor explosions were
detected at 1302 on 13 November, and four minor explosions at 0131, 0615,
1459, and 2330 on 14 November. A minor explosion was also detected at 0710
on 15 November. A total of five volcano-tectonic earthquakes were recorded
on 11 and 12 November. Light ashfall was reported in Tochimilco, Puebla on
10 November. The Alert Level remained at Yellow, Phase Two (the middle
level on a three-color scale).
Geologic Summary. Volcán Popocatépetl, whose name is the Aztec word for
smoking mountain, rises 70 km SE of Mexico City to form North America's
2nd-highest volcano. The glacier-clad stratovolcano contains a
steep-walled, 400 x 600 m wide crater. The generally symmetrical volcano is
modified by the sharp-peaked Ventorrillo on the NW, a remnant of an earlier
volcano. At least three previous major cones were destroyed by
gravitational failure during the Pleistocene, producing massive
debris-avalanche deposits covering broad areas to the south. The modern
volcano was constructed south of the late-Pleistocene to Holocene El Fraile
cone. Three major Plinian eruptions, the most recent of which took place
about 800 CE, have occurred since the mid-Holocene, accompanied by
pyroclastic flows and voluminous lahars that swept basins below the
volcano. Frequent historical eruptions, first recorded in Aztec codices,
have occurred since Pre-Columbian time.
Sources:
Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres (CENAPRED)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.gob.mx/cenapred__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_ONJY_nK$ 
Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_B0L-xTP$ 



Reventador  | Ecuador  | 0.077°S, 77.656°W  | Summit elev. 3562 m
IG described the ongoing eruption at Reventador as moderate during 9-15
November. Daily seismicity was characterized by 18-47 explosions, 22-45
long-period earthquakes, and 2-18 signals that indicated emissions. During
9-12 November there were also 1-4 periods of daily harmonic tremor. Gas,
steam, and ash plumes, observed almost daily with webcams or reported by
the Washington VAAC, rose as high as 1.3 km above the summit and drifted S,
W, SW, N, and NW. Crater incandescence was occasionally visible at night
and the lava flow on the NE flank was active. Sulfur dioxide emissions
averaged 22, 20.2, and 174.9 tons per day on 9, 11, and 12 November,
respectively. An incandescent avalanche was visible on the N flank during
the night of 9 November; by 10 November it had traveled to 800 m below the
crater.
Geologic Summary. Volcán El Reventador is the most frequently active of a
chain of Ecuadorian volcanoes in the Cordillera Real, well east of the
principal volcanic axis. The forested, dominantly andesitic stratovolcano
has 4-km-wide avalanche scarp open to the E formed by edifice collapse. A
young, unvegetated, cone rises from the amphitheater floor about 1,300 m to
a height comparable to the rim. It has been the source of numerous lava
flows as well as explosive eruptions visible from Quito, about 90 km ESE.
Frequent lahars in this region of heavy rainfall have constructed a debris
plain on the eastern floor of the scarp. The largest recorded eruption took
place in 2002, producing a 17-km-high eruption column, pyroclastic flows
that traveled up to 8 km, and lava flows from summit and flank vents.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_LCRC3NV$ 



Sabancaya  | Peru  | 15.787°S, 71.857°W  | Summit elev. 5960 m
Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) reported moderate levels of activity at
Sabancaya during 7-13 November with a daily average of 33 explosions.
Gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 3 km above the summit and drifted S, E,
and NE. As many as five thermal anomalies originating from the lava dome in
the summit crater were identified in satellite data. Minor inflation
continued to be detected near Hualca Hualca (4 km N). The Alert Level
remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) and the
public were warned to stay outside of a 12-km radius.
Geologic Summary. Sabancaya, located in the saddle NE of Ampato and SE of
Hualca Hualca volcanoes, is the youngest of these volcanic centers and the
only one to have erupted in historical time. The oldest of the three,
Nevado Hualca Hualca, is of probable late-Pliocene to early Pleistocene
age. The name Sabancaya (meaning "tongue of fire" in the Quechua language)
first appeared in records in 1595 CE, suggesting activity prior to that
date. Holocene activity has consisted of Plinian eruptions followed by
emission of voluminous andesitic and dacitic lava flows, which form an
extensive apron around the volcano on all sides but the south. Records of
historical eruptions date back to 1750.
Source: Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.gob.pe/igp__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_ILqy4pJ$ 



Sangay  | Ecuador  | 2.005°S, 78.341°W  | Summit elev. 5286 m
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 9-15 November, which
included daily explosions, volcanic tremor, and gas-and-steam emissions.
Incandescence at the summit was periodically visible at night. Daily
ash-and-gas plumes were identified in either or both IG webcam images and
satellite images according to the Washington VAAC. Plumes generally rose as
high as 1.8 m above the volcano and drifted SW, W, S, N, and NW. Moderate
ashfall was reported in Zuñac on 9 November. During 10-14 November an
incandescent avalanche was observed descending the SE flank during the
night.
Geologic Summary. The isolated Sangay volcano, located east of the Andean
crest, is the southernmost of Ecuador's volcanoes and its most active. The
steep-sided, glacier-covered, dominantly andesitic volcano grew within the
open calderas of two previous edifices which were destroyed by collapse to
the east, producing large debris avalanches that reached the Amazonian
lowlands. The modern edifice dates back to at least 14,000 years ago. It
towers above the tropical jungle on the east side; on the other sides flat
plains of ash have been eroded by heavy rains into steep-walled canyons up
to 600 m deep. The earliest report of an eruption was in 1628. Almost
continuous eruptions were reported from 1728 until 1916, and again from
1934 to the present. The almost constant activity has caused frequent
changes to the morphology of the summit crater complex.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_LCRC3NV$ 



Santa Maria  | Southwestern Guatemala  | 14.757°N, 91.552°W  | Summit elev.
3745 m
INSIVUMEH reported that nighttime incandescence was observed in the crater
of Santa Maríaâ??s Santiaguito lava-dome complex during 9-15 November. The
lava flows continued to descend the San Isidro and El Tambor drainages, as
well as the S flank. Block-and-ash avalanches from the dome, and from the
middle and front of the lava flows, descended the W, SW, and S flanks. Fine
ash fell on the perimeter of the volcano. Moderate gas-and-steam plumes
rose as high as 500-700 m above the dome complex that extended 3-6 km E,
SE, S, SW, and W.
Geologic Summary. Symmetrical, forest-covered Santa María volcano is part
of a chain of large stratovolcanoes that rise above the Pacific coastal
plain of Guatemala. The sharp-topped, conical profile is cut on the SW
flank by a 1.5-km-wide crater. The oval-shaped crater extends from just
below the summit to the lower flank, and was formed during a catastrophic
eruption in 1902. The renowned Plinian eruption of 1902 that devastated
much of SW Guatemala followed a long repose period after construction of
the large basaltic-andesite stratovolcano. The massive dacitic Santiaguito
lava-dome complex has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater since
1922. Compound dome growth at Santiaguito has occurred episodically from
four vents, with activity progressing W towards the most recent, Caliente.
Dome growth has been accompanied by almost continuous minor explosions,
with periodic lava extrusion, larger explosions, pyroclastic flows, and
lahars.
Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e
Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_AensrB6$ 



Semeru  | Eastern Java  | 8.108°S, 112.922°E  | Summit elev. 3657 m
PVMBG reported that the eruption at Semeru continued during 9-15 November.
A pyroclastic flow was observed descending the SE flank as far as 4.5 km at
1550 on 9 November. The event also generated a white-gray ash plume that
rose 1.5 km above the summit and drifted NE. On 14 November an ash plume
rose to 3.9 km altitude and drifted SW, according to the Darwin VAAC. White
gas-and-steam emissions rose 100-1,000 m above the summit and drifted N,
NE, S, and SW. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4). The
public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit, and 500 m
from Kobokan drainages within 17 km of the summit, along with other
drainages originating on Semeru, including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due
to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.
Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most
active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to
the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru
(Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru
was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas.
A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting
through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and
NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from
NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by
small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava
flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that
have reached the lower flanks of the volcano.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_Dyb0F7K$ 



Sheveluch  | Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | 56.653°N, 161.36°E  | Summit
elev. 3283 m
KVERT reported that the ongoing eruption at Sheveluch during 3-10 November
was generally characterized by explosions, hot avalanches, lava-dome
extrusion, and strong fumarolic activity. A daily thermal anomaly was
identified in satellite images. Collapses generated hot avalanches and ash
plumes that drifted 400 km N, NE, and E during 5-7 November. The Aviation
Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color
scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time
where noted.
Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also
spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya
volcano group. The 1,300 km3 andesitic volcano is one of Kamchatka's
largest and most active volcanic structures, with at least 60 large
eruptions during the Holocene. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary
Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera
breached to the south. Many lava domes occur on its outer flanks. The
Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene
within the large open caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place
on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. Widespread tephra layers from these
eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in
Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964,
have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of
the breached caldera.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/eng/index.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_E-sYQzb$ 



Suwanosejima  | Ryukyu Islands (Japan)  | 29.638°N, 129.714°E  | Summit
elev. 796 m
JMA reported that the eruption at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued
during 9-15 November and crater incandescence was visible nightly. An
explosion at 2238 on 11 November produced an eruption plume that rose 1.6
km above the crater rim. Ash plumes during 15 November rose 1-1.3 km above
the crater and drifted SE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level
scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.
Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long island of Suwanosejima in the northern
Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two historically
active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater
extending to the sea on the east flank that was formed by edifice collapse.
One of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, it was in a state of
intermittent Strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, between
1949 and 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest
recorded eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits
blanketed residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that
reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake
collapsed, forming a large debris avalanche and creating the open Sakuchi
caldera, which extends to the eastern coast. The island remained
uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows
reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live
on the island.
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bO1ufJyNmTjD_qbP4YSoQmaJ_PFeLUhTU4kA0geFt8yCqs_UYjRK_iwLYhlucFevV7yjSZbD_CUIdXq8$ 


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End of Volcano Digest - 14 Nov 2022 to 17 Nov 2022 (#2022-119)
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