Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 15-21 June 2022

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3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3


From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx>


Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

15-21 June 2022



Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx)

URL: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL25w0cV9_$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeaseNzX0Sw$>





New Activity/Unrest: Bulusan, Luzon (Philippines)  | Ebeko, Paramushir
Island (Russia)



Ongoing Activity: Bezymianny, Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | Chiles-Cerro
Negro, Colombia-Ecuador  | Cleveland, Chuginadak Island (USA)  | Dukono,
Halmahera  | Etna, Sicily (Italy)  | Great Sitkin, Andreanof Islands (USA)
| Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia)  | Kilauea, Hawaiian Islands (USA)
| Krakatau, Sunda Strait  | Lewotolok, Lembata Island  | Merapi, Central
Java  | Pavlof, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska  | Reventador, Ecuador  | Ruapehu,
North Island (New Zealand)  | Sangay, Ecuador  | Semisopochnoi, Aleutian
Islands (USA)  | Sheveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | Suwanosejima,
Ryukyu Islands (Japan)





The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the
Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's
Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports
are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail.
This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting
during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet
criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section.
Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in
issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network.



Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the
Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To
obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on
the Internet contact the source.







New Activity/Unrest





Bulusan  | Luzon (Philippines)  | 12.769°N, 124.056°E  | Summit elev. 1535 m



PHIVOLCS reported that unrest continued at Bulusan during 15-21 June.
Emissions, sometimes voluminous, rose 100-500 m above the summit and
drifted NW, WSW, and SW. Daily sulfur dioxide emissions were 660-1,255
tonnes per day. During 0500-2345 on 20 June the seismic network recorded 65
volcanic earthquakes, including one low-frequency volcanic earthquake; most
of the events were weak and shallow. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a
scale of 0-5) and PHIVOLCS reminded the public not to enter the 4-km-radius
Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) nor the 2 km Extended Danger Zone (EDZ) on the
SE flank.



Geologic Summary. Luzon's southernmost volcano, Bulusan, was constructed
along the rim of the 11-km-diameter dacitic-to-rhyolitic Irosin caldera,
which was formed about 36,000 years ago. It lies at the SE end of the Bicol
volcanic arc occupying the peninsula of the same name that forms the
elongated SE tip of Luzon. A broad, flat moat is located below the
topographically prominent SW rim of Irosin caldera; the NE rim is buried by
the andesitic complex. Bulusan is flanked by several other large
intracaldera lava domes and cones, including the prominent Mount Jormajan
lava dome on the SW flank and Sharp Peak to the NE. The summit is
unvegetated and contains a 300-m-wide, 50-m-deep crater. Three small
craters are located on the SE flank. Many moderate explosive eruptions have
been recorded since the mid-19th century.



Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL25Cm_EIc$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeasj7sMY3Y$>





Ebeko  | Paramushir Island (Russia)  | 50.686°N, 156.014°E  | Summit elev.
1103 m



KVERT reported that small phreatic bursts were visible at Ebeko during
11-15 June along with periodic, moderate explosions that generated ash up
to 2.5 km (8,200 ft) a.s.l. The Aviation Color Code was raised to Yellow
(the second lowest level on a four-color scale) on 17 June (based on local
time).



Geologic Summary. The flat-topped summit of the central cone of Ebeko
volcano, one of the most active in the Kuril Islands, occupies the northern
end of Paramushir Island. Three summit craters located along a SSW-NNE line
form Ebeko volcano proper, at the northern end of a complex of five
volcanic cones. Blocky lava flows extend west from Ebeko and SE from the
neighboring Nezametnyi cone. The eastern part of the southern crater
contains strong solfataras and a large boiling spring. The central crater
is filled by a lake about 20 m deep whose shores are lined with steaming
solfataras; the northern crater lies across a narrow, low barrier from the
central crater and contains a small, cold crescentic lake. Historical
activity, recorded since the late-18th century, has been restricted to
small-to-moderate explosive eruptions from the summit craters. Intense
fumarolic activity occurs in the summit craters, on the outer flanks of the
cone, and in lateral explosion craters.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL2--ohPg2$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeasyzHRGIY$>





Ongoing Activity





Bezymianny  | Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | 55.972°N, 160.595°E  | Summit
elev. 2882 m



KVERT reported that eruptive activity at Bezymianny that continued during
10-17 June was characterized by strong fumarolic emissions, lava-dome
incandescence, and hot avalanches. A daily thermal anomaly was also
identified in satellite images. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange
(the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC
times; specific events are in local time where noted.



Geologic Summary. Prior to its noted 1955-56 eruption, Bezymianny had been
considered extinct. The modern volcano, much smaller in size than its
massive neighbors Kamen and Kliuchevskoi, was formed about 4700 years ago
over a late-Pleistocene lava-dome complex and an ancestral edifice built
about 11,000-7000 years ago. Three periods of intensified activity have
occurred during the past 3000 years. The latest period, which was preceded
by a 1000-year quiescence, began with the dramatic 1955-56 eruption. This
eruption, similar to that of St. Helens in 1980, produced a large
horseshoe-shaped crater that was formed by collapse of the summit and an
associated lateral blast. Subsequent episodic but ongoing lava-dome growth,
accompanied by intermittent explosive activity and pyroclastic flows, has
largely filled the 1956 crater.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL2--ohPg2$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeasyzHRGIY$>





Chiles-Cerro Negro  | Colombia-Ecuador  | 0.817°N, 77.938°W  | Summit elev.
4698 m



Instituto Geofísico de la Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IGEPN) and the
Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Pasto del Servicio Geológico
Colombiano (SGC OVSP) jointly monitor the Cerro Negro de Mayasquer and
Chiles volcanoes, called the Chiles-Cerro Negro volcanic complex (CCNVC),
and both issued reports on recent increased seismicity that began in May.
Earthquakes were first felt on 12 June by residents near the border of
Colombia and Ecuador, in the indigenous reservations of Chiles, Panán, and
Mayasquer (Colombia), and in Tufiño (Ecuador). Seismicity continued, and
from 0205 on 12 June to 0832 on 14 June there were 260 events clustered in
two zones, in the S part of CCNVC (at depths of less than 6 km below the
CCNVC summit) and about 9 km SE beneath Caldera de Potrerillos (at depths
of 7-9 km). The earthquake swarm activity was similar to other swarms
recorded since 2013.



A trend of inflation at a rate of approximately 28 mm/year has been
recorded since 2016 (the beginning of deformation monitoring) through the
end of 2020, when the deformation stabilized. Neither inflation nor
deflation was detected during the beginning of 2020 or in 2021. Inflation
was again detected in March and was continuing at a rate of 32 mm/year.
Data from hydrothermal sites around CCNVC showed variations from previous
measurements in gas data, and conductivity, temperature, pH, and morphology
of a few of the hot spring locations, though they were a result of changes
to the hydrothermal systems and not increased volcanic activity.



Geologic Summary. The Chiles-Cerro Negro volcanic complex includes both the
Pleistocene Chiles and the Cerro Negro de Mayasquer stratovolcanoes astride
the Colombia-Ecuador border. Cerro Negro has a caldera open to the west,
with andesitic and dacitic lava flows of possible Holocene age (Hall 1992,
pers. comm.) and solfataras on the shore of a small crater lake. An
eruption reported in 1936 may have been from Reventador (Catalog of Active
Volcanoes of the World). The higher, glacier-covered summit of Chiles,
about 4 km ESE of Cerro Negro, last erupted about 160,000 years ago, but it
has a caldera open to the north with hot springs and an active hydrothermal
system on its eastern flank.



Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL2wLFD8oZ$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeasMLYxm9c$>
;

Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL28RYlD-B$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeasJCMB3OM$>





Cleveland  | Chuginadak Island (USA)  | 52.825°N, 169.944°W  | Summit elev.
1730 m



AVO reported that during 15-21 June elevated surface temperatures over
Cleveland were sometimes identified in satellite images, reflecting the
continuing emissions of hot gases. Weather clouds sometimes prevented views
of the volcano. Crater subsidence in the summit crater was detected during
the previous several weeks. Sulfur dioxide emissions were detected on 15
and 21 June. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow and the Volcano
Alert Level remained at Advisory.



Geologic Summary. The beautifully symmetrical Mount Cleveland stratovolcano
is situated at the western end of the uninhabited Chuginadak Island. It
lies SE across Carlisle Pass strait from Carlisle volcano and NE across
Chuginadak Pass strait from Herbert volcano. Joined to the rest of
Chuginadak Island by a low isthmus, Cleveland is the highest of the Islands
of the Four Mountains group and is one of the most active of the Aleutian
Islands. The native name, Chuginadak, refers to the Aleut goddess of fire,
who was thought to reside on the volcano. Numerous large lava flows descend
the steep-sided flanks. It is possible that some 18th-to-19th century
eruptions attributed to Carlisle should be ascribed to Cleveland (Miller et
al., 1998). In 1944 it produced the only known fatality from an Aleutian
eruption. Recent eruptions have been characterized by short-lived explosive
ash emissions, at times accompanied by lava fountaining and lava flows down
the flanks.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL273ZObZL$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeas9vIeIkY$>





Dukono  | Halmahera  | 1.693°N, 127.894°E  | Summit elev. 1229 m



Based on satellite and wind model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that
during 16-21 June ash plumes from Dukono rose to 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l.
and drifted NW and W. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4),
and the public was warned to remain outside of the 2-km exclusion zone.



Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost
Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active
volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes
accompanied by lava flows, occurred from 1933 until at least the mid-1990s,
when routine observations were curtailed. During a major eruption in 1550,
a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the north-flank cone
of Gunung Mamuya. This complex volcano presents a broad, low profile with
multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of
the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been
active during historical time.



Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL2y76Hp-4$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeasFuNbiSg$>
;

Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL28Ntka1a$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeasvUd_F8E$>





Etna  | Sicily (Italy)  | 37.748°N, 14.999°E  | Summit elev. 3357 m



INGV reported that during 13-19 June gas emissions rose from Etnaâ??s
Southeast Crater (SEC) and Bocca Nuova Crater (BN); the emissions from BN
were dense and voluminous on 13 June and drifted SSW. Lava effusion from
the vent located at about 2,700 m elevation, along the fissure that had
opened on 29 May, had slowed by 13 June and stopped by that evening. Lava
continued to erupt from a vent along the 7 June fissure, located at the
base of the N wall of the Valle del Bove, advancing to 1,760 m elevation by
14 June. Effusion ceased overnight during 15-16 June.



Geologic Summary. Mount Etna, towering above Catania on the island of
Sicily, has one of the world's longest documented records of volcanism,
dating back to 1500 BCE. Historical lava flows of basaltic composition
cover much of the surface of this massive volcano, whose edifice is the
highest and most voluminous in Italy. The Mongibello stratovolcano,
truncated by several small calderas, was constructed during the late
Pleistocene and Holocene over an older shield volcano. The most prominent
morphological feature of Etna is the Valle del Bove, a 5 x 10 km caldera
open to the east. Two styles of eruptive activity typically occur,
sometimes simultaneously. Persistent explosive eruptions, sometimes with
minor lava emissions, take place from one or more summit craters. Flank
vents, typically with higher effusion rates, are less frequently active and
originate from fissures that open progressively downward from near the
summit (usually accompanied by Strombolian eruptions at the upper end).
Cinder cones are commonly constructed over the vents of lower-flank lava
flows. Lava flows extend to the foot of the volcano on all sides and have
reached the sea over a broad area on the SE flank.



Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL2yqW9R5L$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeasd1lB5_8$>





Great Sitkin  | Andreanof Islands (USA)  | 52.076°N, 176.13°W  | Summit
elev. 1740 m



AVO reported that the eruption at Great Sitkin continued during 8-14 June.
Elevated surface temperatures were identified in satellite data almost
daily, consistent with lava effusion; weather clouds sometimes obscured
satellite and webcam views. Seismicity was low with several small local
earthquakes detected by the seismic network. The Aviation Color Code and
the Volcano Alert Level remained at Orange and Watch, respectively.



Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side
of Great Sitkin Island. A younger parasitic volcano capped by a small, 0.8
x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large
late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure
that truncated an ancestral volcano and produced a submarine debris
avalanche. Deposits from this and an older debris avalanche from a source
to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano.
The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp.
Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the
flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was
partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small
older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed
along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and
fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano.
Historical eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL273ZObZL$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeas9vIeIkY$>





Karymsky  | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia)  | 54.049°N, 159.443°E  | Summit
elev. 1513 m



KVERT reported that a thermal anomaly over Karymsky was identified in
satellite images during 10-11 and 15-17 June. The Aviation Color Code
remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates
are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.



Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern
volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a
5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts
the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the
north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains
the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding
Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located
immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700
radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000
years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago,
following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows
less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or
vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava
flows from the summit crater.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL2--ohPg2$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeasyzHRGIY$>





Kilauea  | Hawaiian Islands (USA)  | 19.421°N, 155.287°W  | Summit elev.
1222 m



HVO reported that lava continued to effuse from a vent in the lower W wall
of Kilaueaâ??s Halema`uma`u Crater during 14-22 June, entering the lava lake
and flowing onto the crater floor. The surface of the lava lake was
continuously active all week, and nearly continuous breakouts occurred
along the margins. The lake level was variable in response to cycles of
inflation and deflation. By 17 June the total volume of erupted lava was an
estimated 93 million cubic meters, and the lake which had risen a total of
120 m since 29 September 2021.The Aviation Color Code and the Volcano Alert
Level remained at Orange and Watch, respectively.



Geologic Summary. Kilauea overlaps the E flank of the massive Mauna Loa
shield volcano in the island of Hawaii. Eruptions are prominent in
Polynesian legends; written documentation since 1820 records frequent
summit and flank lava flow eruptions interspersed with periods of long-term
lava lake activity at Halemaumau crater in the summit caldera until 1924.
The 3 x 5 km caldera was formed in several stages about 1,500 years ago and
during the 18th century; eruptions have also originated from the lengthy
East and Southwest rift zones, which extend to the ocean in both
directions. About 90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is
formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the surface is
younger than 600 years. The long-term eruption from the East rift zone
between 1983 and 2018 produced lava flows covering more than 100 km2,
destroyed hundreds of houses, and added new coastline.



Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL25ikrrXk$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeas5Pk0TpU$>





Krakatau  | Sunda Strait  | 6.102°S, 105.423°E  | Summit elev. 155 m



PVMBG reported that several eruptive events at Anak Krakatau were recorded
during 15-17 June. Eruptions at 0636, 1337, and 2119 on 15 June, 1241 on 16
June, and 0042 and 1839 on 17 June produced dense gray-to-black ash plumes
that rose 300-600 m above the summit and drifted N, SW, and S. A few of the
webcam images posted with the reports showed ejected incandescent material.
The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was
warned to stay at least 5 km away from the crater.



Geologic Summary. The renowned volcano Krakatau (frequently misstated as
Krakatoa) lies in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra. Collapse of
the ancestral Krakatau edifice, perhaps in 416 or 535 CE, formed a
7-km-wide caldera. Remnants of this ancestral volcano are preserved in
Verlaten and Lang Islands; subsequently Rakata, Danan, and Perbuwatan
volcanoes were formed, coalescing to create the pre-1883 Krakatau Island.
Caldera collapse during the catastrophic 1883 eruption destroyed Danan and
Perbuwatan, and left only a remnant of Rakata. This eruption, the 2nd
largest in Indonesia during historical time, caused more than 36,000
fatalities, most as a result of devastating tsunamis that swept the
adjacent coastlines of Sumatra and Java. Pyroclastic surges traveled 40 km
across the Sunda Strait and reached the Sumatra coast. After a quiescence
of less than a half century, the post-collapse cone of Anak Krakatau (Child
of Krakatau) was constructed within the 1883 caldera at a point between the
former cones of Danan and Perbuwatan. Anak Krakatau has been the site of
frequent eruptions since 1927.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL28Ntka1a$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeasvUd_F8E$>





Lewotolok  | Lembata Island  | 8.274°S, 123.508°E  | Summit elev. 1431 m



PVMBG reported that the eruption at Lewotolok continued during 14-22 June.
An eruptive event at 1501 on 16 June produced a white-to-gray ash plume
that rose about 700 m above the summit and drifted W and NW. Another event
at 1127 on 17 June generated a dense gray ash plume that rose about 1 km
and drifted W. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the
public was warned to stay 3 km away from the summit crater, and 3.5 and 4
km away from the crater on the SE flank and E and NE flanks, respectively.



Geologic Summary. The Lewotolok (or Lewotolo) stratovolcano occupies the
eastern end of an elongated peninsula extending north into the Flores Sea,
connected to Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island by a narrow isthmus. It is
symmetrical when viewed from the north and east. A small cone with a
130-m-wide crater constructed at the SE side of a larger crater forms the
volcano's high point. Many lava flows have reached the coastline. Eruptions
recorded since 1660 have consisted of explosive activity from the summit
crater.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL28Ntka1a$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeasvUd_F8E$>





Merapi  | Central Java  | 7.54°S, 110.446°E  | Summit elev. 2910 m



BPPTKG reported that the eruption at Merapi continued during 10-16 June.
The heights and morphologies of the SW lava dome and the central lava dome
were unchanged from the previous week, and seismicity remained at high
levels. As many as 58 lava avalanches traveled down the Bebeng drainage on
the SW flank, reaching a maximum distance of 1.8 km. Seismicity remained
high. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was
warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit based on location.



Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in
one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape
immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and
southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth
of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse
perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the
eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young
Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began
SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying
growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have
devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused
many fatalities.



Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi
(BPPTKG) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL26ocsm3_$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeaskBTZXlU$>





Pavlof  | Alaska Peninsula, Alaska  | 55.417°N, 161.894°W  | Summit elev.
2493 m



AVO reported that the eruption at a vent on Pavlofâ??s upper E flank was
ongoing during 14-21 June, and seismic tremor persisted. Daily elevated
surface temperatures identified in satellite images were consistent with
the continuing effusion of short (500 m or less) lava flows. The Volcano
Alert Level remained at Watch and the Aviation Color Code remained at
Orange.



Geologic Summary. The most active volcano of the Aleutian arc, Pavlof is a
2519-m-high Holocene stratovolcano that was constructed along a line of
vents extending NE from the Emmons Lake caldera. Pavlof and its twin
volcano to the NE, 2142-m-high Pavlof Sister, form a dramatic pair of
symmetrical, glacier-covered stratovolcanoes that tower above Pavlof and
Volcano bays. A third cone, Little Pavlof, is a smaller volcano on the SW
flank of Pavlof volcano, near the rim of Emmons Lake caldera. Unlike Pavlof
Sister, Pavlof has been frequently active in historical time, typically
producing Strombolian to Vulcanian explosive eruptions from the summit
vents and occasional lava flows. The active vents lie near the summit on
the north and east sides. The largest historical eruption took place in
1911, at the end of a 5-year-long eruptive episode, when a fissure opened
on the N flank, ejecting large blocks and issuing lava flows.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL273ZObZL$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeas9vIeIkY$>





Reventador  | Ecuador  | 0.077°S, 77.656°W  | Summit elev. 3562 m



IG reported that a high level of activity continued at Reventador during
14-22 June, though cloudy weather conditions sometimes prevented visual
observations. Gas-and-ash plumes, often observed multiple times a day with
the webcam or reported by the Washington VAAC, rose as high as 1.7 km above
the summit and drifted mainly NW and W. Incandescence from the crater was
often visible at night or during the early morning.



Geologic Summary. Reventador is the most frequently active of a chain of
Ecuadorian volcanoes in the Cordillera Real, well east of the principal
volcanic axis. The forested, dominantly andesitic Volcán El Reventador
stratovolcano rises to 3562 m above the jungles of the western Amazon
basin. A 4-km-wide caldera widely breached to the east was formed by
edifice collapse and is partially filled by a young, unvegetated
stratovolcano that rises about 1300 m above the caldera floor to a height
comparable to the caldera rim. It has been the source of numerous lava
flows as well as explosive eruptions that were visible from Quito in
historical time. Frequent lahars in this region of heavy rainfall have
constructed a debris plain on the eastern floor of the caldera. The largest
historical eruption took place in 2002, producing a 17-km-high eruption
column, pyroclastic flows that traveled up to 8 km, and lava flows from
summit and flank vents.



Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL2wLFD8oZ$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeasMLYxm9c$>





Ruapehu  | North Island (New Zealand)  | 39.28°S, 175.57°E  | Summit elev.
2797 m



On 20 June GeoNet reported continuing unrest at Ruapehu. Tremor levels had
been characterized as weak to moderate for the previous three weeks but
increased for a brief period. Levels increased sharply during the evening
of 17 June, fluctuated between moderate and strong levels on 18 June, and
then decreased to weak levels by 19 June. Lake water temperatures continued
to decline, reaching 22 degrees Celsius. The Volcanic Alert Level remained
at 2 (on a scale from 0-5) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow.



Geologic Summary. Ruapehu, one of New Zealand's most active volcanoes, is a
complex stratovolcano constructed during at least four cone-building
episodes dating back to about 200,000 years ago. The dominantly andesitic
110 km3 volcanic massif is elongated in a NNE-SSW direction and surrounded
by another 100 km3 ring plain of volcaniclastic debris, including the
NW-flank Murimoto debris-avalanche deposit. A series of subplinian
eruptions took place between about 22,600 and 10,000 years ago, but
pyroclastic flows have been infrequent. The broad summait area and flank
contain at least six vents active during the Holocene. Frequent
mild-to-moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded from the Te Wai
a-Moe (Crater Lake) vent, and tephra characteristics suggest that the
crater lake may have formed as recently as 3,000 years ago. Lahars
resulting from phreatic eruptions at the summit crater lake are a hazard to
a ski area on the upper flanks and lower river valleys.



Source: GeoNet https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geonet.org.nz/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL289CJZcR$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geonet.org.nz/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeas1XJHRNA$>





Sangay  | Ecuador  | 2.005°S, 78.341°W  | Summit elev. 5286 m



IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 14-22 June. Daily
ash-and-gas plumes were identified in webcam images, and seen in satellite
images by the Washington VAAC. Plumes rose as high as 2.4 km above the
volcano and drifted W and SW; ashfall was reported in Retén Ichubamba (35
km WNW) and Chauzán San Alfonso (40 km W) during 14-16 June. Almost every
day multiple thermal anomalies over the volcano were visible in satellite
data. Weather clouds sometimes obscured views of the volcano.



Geologic Summary. The isolated Sangay volcano, located east of the Andean
crest, is the southernmost of Ecuador's volcanoes and its most active. The
steep-sided, glacier-covered, dominantly andesitic volcano grew within
horseshoe-shaped calderas of two previous edifices, which were destroyed by
collapse to the east, producing large debris avalanches that reached the
Amazonian lowlands. The modern edifice dates back to at least 14,000 years
ago. It towers above the tropical jungle on the east side; on the other
sides flat plains of ash have been sculpted by heavy rains into
steep-walled canyons up to 600 m deep. The earliest report of a historical
eruption was in 1628. More or less continuous eruptions were reported from
1728 until 1916, and again from 1934 to the present. The almost constant
activity has caused frequent changes to the morphology of the summit crater
complex.



Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL2wLFD8oZ$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeasMLYxm9c$>





Semisopochnoi  | Aleutian Islands (USA)  | 51.93°N, 179.58°E  | Summit
elev. 1221 m



AVO reported that low-level eruptive activity at Semisopochnoi's North
Cerberus cone continued during 14-21 June. Periods of weak tremor were
recorded by the seismic network. Weather clouds often prevented satellite
and webcam views; minor steam emissions were visible in one clear webcam
image on 17 June. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange and the
Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch.



Geologic Summary. Semisopochnoi, the largest subaerial volcano of the
western Aleutians, is 20 km wide at sea level and contains an 8-km-wide
caldera. It formed as a result of collapse of a low-angle, dominantly
basaltic volcano following the eruption of a large volume of dacitic
pumice. The high point of the island is Anvil Peak, a double-peaked
late-Pleistocene cone that forms much of the island's northern part. The
three-peaked Mount Cerberus was constructed within the caldera during the
Holocene. Each of the peaks contains a summit crater; lava flows on the N
flank of Cerberus appear younger than those on the south side. Other
post-caldera volcanoes include the symmetrical Sugarloaf Peak SSE of the
caldera and Lakeshore Cone, a small cinder cone at the edge of Fenner Lake
in the NE part of the caldera. Most documented eruptions have originated
from Cerberus, although Coats (1950) considered that both Sugarloaf and
Lakeshore Cone could have been recently active.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL273ZObZL$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeas9vIeIkY$>





Sheveluch  | Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | 56.653°N, 161.36°E  | Summit
elev. 3283 m



KVERT reported that a thermal anomaly over Sheveluch was identified in
satellite images during 10-17 June and explosions, hot avalanches, and
lava-dome extrusion continued. A daily thermal anomaly was identified in
satellite images. Webcam images recorded explosions on 10 June that sent
ash plumes to 6.5 km (21,300 ft) a.s.l. The ash plumes were visible in
satellite images drifting 130 km SE. At 0847 on 20 June (local time)
explosions were recorded in webcam images. Ash plumes rose to 7 km (23,000
ft) a.s.l. and drifted 10 km E. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange
(the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC
times; specific events are in local time where noted.



Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also
spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya
volcano group. The 1300 km3 volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most
active volcanic structures. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary
Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera
breached to the south. Many lava domes dot its outer flanks. The Molodoy
Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the
large horseshoe-shaped caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took
place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. At least 60 large eruptions have
occurred during the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano
of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions
have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in
Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964,
have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of
the breached caldera.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL2--ohPg2$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeasyzHRGIY$>





Suwanosejima  | Ryukyu Islands (Japan)  | 29.638°N, 129.714°E  | Summit
elev. 796 m



JMA reported that the eruption at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued
during 13-20 June. Crater incandescence was visible at night. Emissions
rose as high as 1.6 km above the crater rim and material was ejected as far
as 300 m from the vent. The Alert Level remained at 3 and the public was
warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.



Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long, spindle-shaped island of Suwanosejima in
the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two
historically active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large
breached crater extending to the sea on the east flank that was formed by
edifice collapse. Suwanosejima, one of Japan's most frequently active
volcanoes, was in a state of intermittent strombolian activity from Otake,
the NE summit crater, that began in 1949 and lasted until 1996, after which
periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest historical eruption took
place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits blanketed residential areas,
and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast.
At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed forming a large
debris avalanche and creating the horseshoe-shaped Sakuchi caldera, which
extends to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70
years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of
the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island.



Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL2zTxL_T7$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZnQRDuhIzvXicK6GcnX_i3piDMDDQWHUZy-eu840xtcrEBrpiq0-dVfPwRM_Gk1fxeashSIULSU$>


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==============================================================



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ASU - http://www.asu.edu/

PSU - https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://pdx.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL2-Bte2OL$ 

GVP - https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.volcano.si.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCV__r8hnBDfU3gRY_hWCr3B9sLBwr6DJptlF4WzEE3HmWUUTKEWeWSyAv4fdaiPkk7I-uEL253uyV3k$ 

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------------------------------

End of Volcano Digest - 20 Jun 2022 to 22 Jun 2022 (#2022-64)
*************************************************************


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