Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 4-10 May 2022

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From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx>


Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

4-10 May 2022



Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx)

URL: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0eTMDH1HX$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwWAVyUkU$>





New Activity/Unrest: Cleveland, Chuginadak Island (USA)  | Karymsky,
Eastern Kamchatka (Russia)



Ongoing Activity: Aira, Kyushu (Japan)  | Dukono, Halmahera  | Great
Sitkin, Andreanof Islands (USA)  | Kavachi, Solomon Islands  | Kilauea,
Hawaiian Islands (USA)  | Lewotolok, Lembata Island  | Manam, Northeast of
New Guinea  | Merapi, Central Java  | Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia  | Pavlof,
Alaska Peninsula, Alaska  | Rincon de la Vieja, Costa Rica  | Ruapehu,
North Island (New Zealand)  | Sabancaya, Peru  | Semeru, Eastern Java  |
Semisopochnoi, Aleutian Islands (USA)  | Sheveluch, Central Kamchatka
(Russia)  | Stromboli, Aeolian Islands (Italy)  | Suwanosejima, Ryukyu
Islands (Japan)  | Whakaari/White Island, North Island (New Zealand)  |
Wolf, Isla Isabela (Galapagos)





The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the
Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's
Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports
are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail.
This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting
during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet
criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section.
Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in
issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network.



Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the
Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To
obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on
the Internet contact the source.







New Activity/Unrest





Cleveland  | Chuginadak Island (USA)  | 52.825°N, 169.944°W  | Summit elev.
1730 m



On 10 May AVO raised the Aviation Color Code and the Volcano Alert Level
for Cleveland to Yellow and Advisory, respectively, noting that elevated
surface temperatures and sulfur dioxide emissions were identified in
satellite data during the past few days.



Geologic Summary. The beautifully symmetrical Mount Cleveland stratovolcano
is situated at the western end of the uninhabited Chuginadak Island. It
lies SE across Carlisle Pass strait from Carlisle volcano and NE across
Chuginadak Pass strait from Herbert volcano. Joined to the rest of
Chuginadak Island by a low isthmus, Cleveland is the highest of the Islands
of the Four Mountains group and is one of the most active of the Aleutian
Islands. The native name, Chuginadak, refers to the Aleut goddess of fire,
who was thought to reside on the volcano. Numerous large lava flows descend
the steep-sided flanks. It is possible that some 18th-to-19th century
eruptions attributed to Carlisle should be ascribed to Cleveland (Miller et
al., 1998). In 1944 it produced the only known fatality from an Aleutian
eruption. Recent eruptions have been characterized by short-lived explosive
ash emissions, at times accompanied by lava fountaining and lava flows down
the flanks.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0ec7q8_lQ$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwQn5aZog$>





Karymsky  | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia)  | 54.049°N, 159.443°E  | Summit
elev. 1513 m



KVERT reported that a thermal anomaly over Karymsky was visible in
satellite images during 29 April-6 May. Explosions on 4 May generated ash
plumes that rose as high as 3.2 km (10,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted about 60
km SW. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level
on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are
in local time where noted.



Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern
volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a
5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts
the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the
north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains
the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding
Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located
immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700
radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000
years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago,
following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows
less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or
vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava
flows from the summit crater.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0eT252TDG$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwblgrHdo$>





Ongoing Activity





Aira  | Kyushu (Japan)  | 31.593°N, 130.657°E  | Summit elev. 1117 m



JMA reported that sulfur dioxide emissions at Minamidake Crater (at Aira
Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) were slightly high at 500 tons per day on 2
May. At 1453 on 3 May an eruption produced a plume that rose 1.1 km above
the crater rim. Very small eruptive events were recorded during 6-9 May.
The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were
warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.



Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay
contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active.
Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of
the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera
was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the Aira caldera,
along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began
about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim of Aira caldera and built an
island that was finally joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major
explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit
cone ended about 4850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at
Minamidake. Frequent historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century,
have deposited ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located
across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical
eruption took place during 1471-76.



Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0eZKvGxdR$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwWfLORxE$>





Dukono  | Halmahera  | 1.693°N, 127.894°E  | Summit elev. 1229 m



Based on satellite and wind model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that
during 4-9 May ash plumes from Dukono rose to 2.1-2.4 km (7,000-8,000 ft)
a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. The Alert Level remained at 2
(on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the
2-km exclusion zone.



Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost
Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active
volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes
accompanied by lava flows, occurred from 1933 until at least the mid-1990s,
when routine observations were curtailed. During a major eruption in 1550,
a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the north-flank cone
of Gunung Mamuya. This complex volcano presents a broad, low profile with
multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of
the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been
active during historical time.



Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0ea1Zsbwm$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwSmq3pGc$>
;

Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0ee-NkQT8$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwugYhhnk$>





Great Sitkin  | Andreanof Islands (USA)  | 52.076°N, 176.13°W  | Summit
elev. 1740 m



AVO reported that slow lava effusion at Great Sitkin likely continued
during 3-10 May; a 5 May satellite image showed that the S flank flow had
advanced 15 m. Elevated surface temperatures were identified in satellite
data during 6-10 May. The Aviation Color Code and the Volcano Alert Level
remained at Orange and Watch, respectively.



Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side
of Great Sitkin Island. A younger parasitic volcano capped by a small, 0.8
x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large
late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure
that truncated an ancestral volcano and produced a submarine debris
avalanche. Deposits from this and an older debris avalanche from a source
to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano.
The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp.
Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the
flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was
partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small
older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed
along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and
fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano.
Historical eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0ec7q8_lQ$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwQn5aZog$>





Kavachi  | Solomon Islands  | 8.991°S, 157.979°E  | Summit elev. -20 m



Satellite data showed discolored water around Kavachi on 10, 20, 25, and 30
April as well as on 5 May.



Geologic Summary. Named for a sea-god of the Gatokae and Vangunu peoples,
Kavachi is one of the most active submarine volcanoes in the SW Pacific,
located in the Solomon Islands south of Vangunu Island. Sometimes referred
to as Rejo te Kvachi ("Kavachi's Oven"), this shallow submarine
basaltic-to-andesitic volcano has produced ephemeral islands up to 1 km
long many times since its first recorded eruption during 1939. Residents of
the nearby islands of Vanguna and Nggatokae (Gatokae) reported "fire on the
water" prior to 1939, a possible reference to earlier eruptions. The
roughly conical edifice rises from water depths of 1.1-1.2 km on the north
and greater depths to the SE. Frequent shallow submarine and occasional
subaerial eruptions produce phreatomagmatic explosions that eject steam,
ash, and incandescent bombs. On a number of occasions lava flows were
observed on the ephemeral islands.



Sources: Sentinel Hub https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0eeBwwyAg$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84Zw-YgfKM4$>
;

Culture Volcan https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://laculturevolcan.blogspot.com/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0eRDA1HyL$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://laculturevolcan.blogspot.com/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwcNaPnnA$>





Kilauea  | Hawaiian Islands (USA)  | 19.421°N, 155.287°W  | Summit elev.
1222 m



HVO reported that lava continued to effuse from a vent in the lower W wall
of Kilaueaâ??s Halema`uma`u Crater during 3-10 May, entering the active lava
lake and flowing onto the crater floor. The surface of the lava lake was
active all week, though the height of the lake was relatively stable. Daily
breakouts occurred along the NE, NW, and S margins of the lake. A
short-lived lava flow effused from the W vent and onto the crater floor at
around 0700 on 7 May. The Aviation Color Code and the Volcano Alert Level
remained at Orange and Watch, respectively.



Geologic Summary. Kilauea overlaps the E flank of the massive Mauna Loa
shield volcano in the island of Hawaii. Eruptions are prominent in
Polynesian legends; written documentation since 1820 records frequent
summit and flank lava flow eruptions interspersed with periods of long-term
lava lake activity at Halemaumau crater in the summit caldera until 1924.
The 3 x 5 km caldera was formed in several stages about 1,500 years ago and
during the 18th century; eruptions have also originated from the lengthy
East and Southwest rift zones, which extend to the ocean in both
directions. About 90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is
formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the surface is
younger than 600 years. The long-term eruption from the East rift zone
between 1983 and 2018 produced lava flows covering more than 100 km2,
destroyed hundreds of houses, and added new coastline.



Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0eR4Qufd6$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwcmnRGH4$>





Lewotolok  | Lembata Island  | 8.274°S, 123.508°E  | Summit elev. 1431 m



PVMBG reported that the eruption at Lewotolok continued during 4-10 May.
Eruptive events at 1245 on 4 May and 0544 on 6 May produced ash plumes that
rose 600 m above the summit and drifted W. The Alert Level remained at 3
(on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the
summit crater and 4 km away from the crater on the SE flank.



Geologic Summary. The Lewotolok (or Lewotolo) stratovolcano occupies the
eastern end of an elongated peninsula extending north into the Flores Sea,
connected to Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island by a narrow isthmus. It is
symmetrical when viewed from the north and east. A small cone with a
130-m-wide crater constructed at the SE side of a larger crater forms the
volcano's high point. Many lava flows have reached the coastline. Eruptions
recorded since 1660 have consisted of explosive activity from the summit
crater.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0ee-NkQT8$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwugYhhnk$>





Manam  | Northeast of New Guinea  | 4.08°S, 145.037°E  | Summit elev. 1807 m



The Darwin VAAC reported that during 3-4 May ash plumes from Manam rose to
2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and NW based on information from
RVO, satellite images, and weather models. On 6 May ash plumes rose to 1.8
km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW and WNW.



Geologic Summary. The 10-km-wide island of Manam, lying 13 km off the
northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea, is one of the country's most
active volcanoes. Four large radial valleys extend from the unvegetated
summit of the conical basaltic-andesitic stratovolcano to its lower flanks.
These valleys channel lava flows and pyroclastic avalanches that have
sometimes reached the coast. Five small satellitic centers are located near
the island's shoreline on the northern, southern, and western sides. Two
summit craters are present; both are active, although most observed
eruptions have originated from the southern crater, concentrating eruptive
products during much of the past century into the SE valley. Frequent
eruptions, typically of mild-to-moderate scale, have been recorded since
1616. Occasional larger eruptions have produced pyroclastic flows and lava
flows that reached flat-lying coastal areas and entered the sea, sometimes
impacting populated areas.



Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0ea1Zsbwm$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwSmq3pGc$>





Merapi  | Central Java  | 7.54°S, 110.446°E  | Summit elev. 2910 m



BPPTKG reported no significant morphological changes at Merapiâ??s summit
lava dome during 29 April-5 May, though the height of the dome below the SW
rim had decreased by around 3 m. Based on photo analyses, the volume of the
SW lava dome had a volume of 1.52 million cubic meters while the central
lava dome was 2.58 million cubic meters. As many as 120 lava avalanches
traveled a maximum of 2 km, mostly down the Bebeng drainage on the SW
flank. Seismicity remained high. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale
of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit
based on location.



Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in
one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape
immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and
southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth
of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse
perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the
eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young
Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began
SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying
growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have
devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused
many fatalities.



Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi
(BPPTKG) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0eQs6H41h$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwBOh781c$>





Nevado del Ruiz  | Colombia  | 4.892°N, 75.324°W  | Summit elev. 5279 m



On 10 May Servicio Geológico Colombianoâ??s (SGC) reported that during the
previous week the number of seismic signals indicating both rock fracturing
and fluid movement at Nevado del Ruiz had increased compared to the week
before. Several episodes of drumbeat seismicity were recorded on 5 and 8
May, indicting growth of the lava dome. Some low-temperature thermal
anomalies were also identified at Arenas Crater. Gas-and-ash emissions were
periodically visible in webcam images. A small ash emission on 3 May caused
minor ashfall in the municipalities of Manizales (25 km N), Dosquebradas
(40 km W), Santa Rosa, and Pereira (40 km WSW). At 0857 on 9 May an ash
plume drifted NW, W, and SW, causing ashfall in Manizales, Villamaría (28
km NW), and Chinchiná (30 km WNW) in the department of Caldas, and in
Pereira, Dosquebradas, and Santa Rosa de Cabal (33 km W) in the department
of Risaralda. The Alert Level remained at 3 (Yellow; the second lowest
level on a four-color scale).



Geologic Summary. Nevado del Ruiz is a broad, glacier-covered volcano in
central Colombia that covers more than 200 km2. Three major edifices,
composed of andesitic and dacitic lavas and andesitic pyroclastics, have
been constructed since the beginning of the Pleistocene. The modern cone
consists of a broad cluster of lava domes built within the caldera of an
older edifice. The 1-km-wide, 240-m-deep Arenas crater occupies the summit.
The prominent La Olleta pyroclastic cone located on the SW flank may also
have been active in historical time. Steep headwalls of massive landslides
cut the flanks. Melting of its summit icecap during historical eruptions,
which date back to the 16th century, has resulted in devastating lahars,
including one in 1985 that was South America's deadliest eruption.



Source: Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0eQeUGZyo$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwMdNG8DU$>





Pavlof  | Alaska Peninsula, Alaska  | 55.417°N, 161.894°W  | Summit elev.
2493 m



AVO reported that the eruption at a vent on Pavlofâ??s upper E flank was
ongoing during 3-10 May, though weather conditions sometimes prevented
visual observations. Seismic tremor persisted. Daily elevated surface
temperatures were identified in satellite images and almost daily steam
emissions were recorded in webcam images. The lava flow from the E vent was
500 m long by 8 May. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch and the
Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.



Geologic Summary. The most active volcano of the Aleutian arc, Pavlof is a
2519-m-high Holocene stratovolcano that was constructed along a line of
vents extending NE from the Emmons Lake caldera. Pavlof and its twin
volcano to the NE, 2142-m-high Pavlof Sister, form a dramatic pair of
symmetrical, glacier-covered stratovolcanoes that tower above Pavlof and
Volcano bays. A third cone, Little Pavlof, is a smaller volcano on the SW
flank of Pavlof volcano, near the rim of Emmons Lake caldera. Unlike Pavlof
Sister, Pavlof has been frequently active in historical time, typically
producing Strombolian to Vulcanian explosive eruptions from the summit
vents and occasional lava flows. The active vents lie near the summit on
the north and east sides. The largest historical eruption took place in
1911, at the end of a 5-year-long eruptive episode, when a fissure opened
on the N flank, ejecting large blocks and issuing lava flows.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0ec7q8_lQ$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwQn5aZog$>





Rincon de la Vieja  | Costa Rica  | 10.83°N, 85.324°W  | Summit elev. 1916 m



On 5 May OVSICORI-UNA reported an average of two daily phreatic explosions
at Rincón de la Vieja during the previous week. The events did not eject
material outside of the crater and produced steam plumes that rose no
higher than 200 m above the crater rim. A phreatic explosion at 1650 on 6
May produced a steam plume that rose 500 m. A few phreatic explosions and
several steam emissions were recorded on 7 May. Several steam emissions
were also recorded on 8 May.



Geologic Summary. Rincón de la Vieja, the largest volcano in NW Costa Rica,
is a remote volcanic complex in the Guanacaste Range. The volcano consists
of an elongated, arcuate NW-SE-trending ridge constructed within the
15-km-wide early Pleistocene Guachipelín caldera, whose rim is exposed on
the south side. Sometimes known as the "Colossus of Guanacaste," it has an
estimated volume of 130 km3 and contains at least nine major eruptive
centers. Activity has migrated to the SE, where the youngest-looking
craters are located. The twin cone of Santa María volcano, the highest peak
of the complex, is located at the eastern end of a smaller, 5-km-wide
caldera and has a 500-m-wide crater. A Plinian eruption producing the 0.25
km3 Río Blanca tephra about 3,500 years ago was the last major magmatic
eruption. All subsequent eruptions, including numerous historical eruptions
possibly dating back to the 16th century, have been from the prominent
active crater containing a 500-m-wide acid lake located ENE of Von Seebach
crater.



Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad
Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0eSajFT0d$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwgKnqBEU$>





Ruapehu  | North Island (New Zealand)  | 39.28°S, 175.57°E  | Summit elev.
2797 m



On 11 May GeoNet reported that elevated unrest at Ruapehu continued during
the previous week, consisting of lake water heating, volcanic gas output,
and strong volcanic tremor. The lake water temperature continued to rise,
peaking at 41 degrees Celsius. Steam plumes were visible rising from the
lake; an overflight confirmed that they were caused by a combination of the
warming lake and atmospheric conditions, with no eruptive activity. Tremor
levels declined but remained high. A gas measurement flight on 4 May
confirmed high levels of gas emissions with sulfur dioxide and carbon
dioxide flux rates at 260 and 1,970 tonnes per day, respectively. Lake
upwelling over the central and northern vents areas was also visible during
multiple overflights. The sustained carbon dioxide and sulfur gas
emissions, along with high tremor levels, continue to indicate that magma
is driving this period of heightened unrest. The Volcanic Alert Level
remained at 2 (on a scale from 0-5) and the Aviation Color Code remained at
Yellow.



Geologic Summary. Ruapehu, one of New Zealand's most active volcanoes, is a
complex stratovolcano constructed during at least four cone-building
episodes dating back to about 200,000 years ago. The dominantly andesitic
110 km3 volcanic massif is elongated in a NNE-SSW direction and surrounded
by another 100 km3 ring plain of volcaniclastic debris, including the
NW-flank Murimoto debris-avalanche deposit. A series of subplinian
eruptions took place between about 22,600 and 10,000 years ago, but
pyroclastic flows have been infrequent. The broad summait area and flank
contain at least six vents active during the Holocene. Frequent
mild-to-moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded from the Te Wai
a-Moe (Crater Lake) vent, and tephra characteristics suggest that the
crater lake may have formed as recently as 3,000 years ago. Lahars
resulting from phreatic eruptions at the summit crater lake are a hazard to
a ski area on the upper flanks and lower river valleys.



Source: GeoNet https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geonet.org.nz/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0eRIrK4ec$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geonet.org.nz/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwFGzmv0E$>





Sabancaya  | Peru  | 15.787°S, 71.857°W  | Summit elev. 5960 m



Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) reported moderate levels of activity at
Sabancaya during 2-8 May with a daily average of 53 explosions. Gas-and-ash
plumes rose as high as 3 km above the summit and drifted N, NE, E, and SE.
As many as five thermal anomalies originating from the lava dome in the
summit crater were identified in satellite data. Minor inflation continued
to be detected near Hualca Hualca (4 km N). The Alert Level remained at
Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) and the public were
warned to stay outside of a 12-km radius.



Geologic Summary. Sabancaya, located in the saddle NE of Ampato and SE of
Hualca Hualca volcanoes, is the youngest of these volcanic centers and the
only one to have erupted in historical time. The oldest of the three,
Nevado Hualca Hualca, is of probable late-Pliocene to early Pleistocene
age. The name Sabancaya (meaning "tongue of fire" in the Quechua language)
first appeared in records in 1595 CE, suggesting activity prior to that
date. Holocene activity has consisted of Plinian eruptions followed by
emission of voluminous andesitic and dacitic lava flows, which form an
extensive apron around the volcano on all sides but the south. Records of
historical eruptions date back to 1750.



Source: Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igp.gob.pe/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0ec-080z-$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igp.gob.pe/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84Zwmt54-JQ$>





Semeru  | Eastern Java  | 8.108°S, 112.922°E  | Summit elev. 3657 m



PVMBG reported that the eruption at Semeru continued during 3-10 May. Ash
plumes visible on 5, 7, and 9 May were rising 400-700 m above the summit
and drifting mainly SW. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4).
The public was warned to stay at least 500 m away from Kobokan drainages
within 17 km of the summit, along with other drainages originating on
Semeru, including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and
pyroclastic flow hazards.



Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most
active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to
the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru
(Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru
was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas.
A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting
through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and
NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from
NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by
small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava
flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that
have reached the lower flanks of the volcano.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0ee-NkQT8$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwugYhhnk$>





Semisopochnoi  | Aleutian Islands (USA)  | 51.93°N, 179.58°E  | Summit
elev. 1221 m



AVO reported that low-level eruptive activity at Semisopochnoi's North
Cerberus cone continued during 3-10 May. Seismicity continued to be
elevated with intermittent tremor detected by the seismic network. Several
daily explosions were recorded during 8-10 May. Weather clouds obscured
views of the volcano, though daily minor, low-level ash emissions were seen
in webcam views. A pilot reported a low-level eruption cloud on 9 May. The
Aviation Color Code remained at Orange and the Volcano Alert Level remained
at Watch.



Geologic Summary. Semisopochnoi, the largest subaerial volcano of the
western Aleutians, is 20 km wide at sea level and contains an 8-km-wide
caldera. It formed as a result of collapse of a low-angle, dominantly
basaltic volcano following the eruption of a large volume of dacitic
pumice. The high point of the island is Anvil Peak, a double-peaked
late-Pleistocene cone that forms much of the island's northern part. The
three-peaked Mount Cerberus was constructed within the caldera during the
Holocene. Each of the peaks contains a summit crater; lava flows on the N
flank of Cerberus appear younger than those on the south side. Other
post-caldera volcanoes include the symmetrical Sugarloaf Peak SSE of the
caldera and Lakeshore Cone, a small cinder cone at the edge of Fenner Lake
in the NE part of the caldera. Most documented eruptions have originated
from Cerberus, although Coats (1950) considered that both Sugarloaf and
Lakeshore Cone could have been recently active.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0ec7q8_lQ$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwQn5aZog$>





Sheveluch  | Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | 56.653°N, 161.36°E  | Summit
elev. 3283 m



KVERT reported that a thermal anomaly over Sheveluch was identified in
satellite images during 29 April-6 May, and lava-dome extrusion continued.
The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a
four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in
local time where noted.



Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also
spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya
volcano group. The 1300 km3 volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most
active volcanic structures. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary
Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera
breached to the south. Many lava domes dot its outer flanks. The Molodoy
Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the
large horseshoe-shaped caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took
place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. At least 60 large eruptions have
occurred during the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano
of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions
have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in
Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964,
have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of
the breached caldera.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0eT252TDG$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwblgrHdo$>





Stromboli  | Aeolian Islands (Italy)  | 38.789°N, 15.213°E  | Summit elev.
924 m



INGV reported that during 2-8 May activity at Stromboli was characterized
by ongoing explosions from three vents in Area N (North Crater area) and
two vents in Area C-S (South-Central Crater area). Explosions from Area N
vents (N1 and N2) averaged 3-6 events per hour; explosions from the N1 vent
ejected lapilli and bombs mixed with ash 80-150 m high and those at two N2
vents ejected material less than 80 m high. N2 produced weak and occasional
spattering. No explosions occurred at the S1 and C vents in Area C-S;
low-intensity explosions at the two S2 vents occurred at a rate of 1-5 per
hour and ejected coarse material no higher than 80 m.



Geologic Summary. Spectacular incandescent nighttime explosions at this
volcano have long attracted visitors to the "Lighthouse of the
Mediterranean." Stromboli, the NE-most of the Aeolian Islands, has lent its
name to the frequent mild explosive activity that has characterized its
eruptions throughout much of historical time. The small island is the
emergent summit of a volcano that grew in two main eruptive cycles, the
last of which formed the western portion of the island. The Neostromboli
eruptive period took place between about 13,000 and 5,000 years ago. The
active summit vents are located at the head of the Sciara del Fuoco, a
prominent horseshoe-shaped scarp formed about 5,000 years ago due to a
series of slope failures that extend to below sea level. The modern volcano
has been constructed within this scarp, which funnels pyroclastic ejecta
and lava flows to the NW. Essentially continuous mild Strombolian
explosions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have been recorded for
more than a millennium.



Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0eQmLj8VG$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwNIAI-I0$>





Suwanosejima  | Ryukyu Islands (Japan)  | 29.638°N, 129.714°E  | Summit
elev. 796 m



JMA reported that eruptive activity continued to be recorded at
Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater during 2-9 May. Eruption plumes rose as high
as 1.3 km above the crater rim; no explosions were recorded. Crater
incandescence was occasionally visible during 2-6 May and ash fell in
Toshima village (3.5 km SSW). The Alert Level remained at 3 and the public
was warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.



Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long, spindle-shaped island of Suwanosejima in
the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two
historically active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large
breached crater extending to the sea on the east flank that was formed by
edifice collapse. Suwanosejima, one of Japan's most frequently active
volcanoes, was in a state of intermittent strombolian activity from Otake,
the NE summit crater, that began in 1949 and lasted until 1996, after which
periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest historical eruption took
place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits blanketed residential areas,
and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast.
At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed forming a large
debris avalanche and creating the horseshoe-shaped Sakuchi caldera, which
extends to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70
years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of
the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island.



Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0eZKvGxdR$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwWfLORxE$>





Whakaari/White Island  | North Island (New Zealand)  | 37.52°S, 177.18°E  |
Summit elev. 294 m



On 9 May GeoNet reported that activity at Whakaari/White Island remained at
a low level based on observations and data collected during an overflight
conducted on 27 April. Gas-and-steam emission temperatures were up to 111
degrees Celsius, down from 16 March highs of 288 degrees Celsius. Geysering
activity at one of the water-saturated vents was observed. Satellite data
indicated minor uplift in the active vent area. Seismicity was low. The
Volcanic Alert Level remained at 1 and the Aviation Color Code remained at
Green.



Geologic Summary. The uninhabited Whakaari/White Island is the 2 x 2.4 km
emergent summit of a 16 x 18 km submarine volcano in the Bay of Plenty
about 50 km offshore of North Island. The island consists of two
overlapping andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcanoes. The SE side of the crater
is open at sea level, with the recent activity centered about 1 km from the
shore close to the rear crater wall. Volckner Rocks, sea stacks that are
remnants of a lava dome, lie 5 km NW. Descriptions of volcanism since 1826
have included intermittent moderate phreatic, phreatomagmatic, and
Strombolian eruptions; activity there also forms a prominent part of Maori
legends. The formation of many new vents during the 19th and 20th centuries
caused rapid changes in crater floor topography. Collapse of the crater
wall in 1914 produced a debris avalanche that buried buildings and workers
at a sulfur-mining project. Explosive activity in December 2019 took place
while tourists were present, resulting in many fatalities. The official
government name Whakaari/White Island is a combination of the full Maori
name of Te Puia o Whakaari ("The Dramatic Volcano") and White Island
(referencing the constant steam plume) given by Captain James Cook in 1769.



Source: GeoNet https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geonet.org.nz/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0eRIrK4ec$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geonet.org.nz/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwFGzmv0E$>





Wolf  | Isla Isabela (Galapagos)  | 0.02°N, 91.35°W  | Summit elev. 1710 m



On 5 May IG reported that the eruption at Wolfâ??s SE flank was over. The
eruption began at 2320 on 6 January from an approximately 8-km-long radial
fissure, trending NW-SE, that had at least five active vents. Lava flows
from the vents traveled SE then E, covering an area of more than 30 square
kilometers. The maximum length of the flow field was 18.5 km, with the
farthest-reaching flow stopping 150-200 m from the coastline. The highest
levels of heat, sulfur dioxide emissions, seismicity, and deformation were
recorded in the early days of the eruption. Sulfur dioxide emissions had
been absent for the previous 30 days.



Geologic Summary. Wolf, the highest volcano of the Galápagos Islands,
straddles the equator at the north end of the archipelago's largest island,
Isabela. The 1710-m-high edifice has steeper slopes than most other Isabela
volcanoes, reaching angles up to 35 degrees. A 6 x 7 km caldera, at 700 m
one of the deepest of the Galápagos Islands, is located at the summit. A
prominent bench on the west side of the caldera rises 450 above the caldera
floor, much of which is covered by a lava flow erupted in 1982. Radial
fissures concentrated along diffuse rift zones extend down the north, NW,
and SE flanks, and submarine vents lie beyond the north and NW fissures.
Similar unvegetated flows originating from a circumferential chain of
spatter and scoria cones on the eastern caldera rim drape the forested
flanks to the sea. The proportion of aa lava flows at Volcán Wolf exceeds
that of other Galápagos volcanoes. An eruption in in 1797 was the first
documented historical eruption in the Galápagos Islands.



Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0eSIl5pR8$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fKoySuxx08QXzSxFu0-ZAOBgvtBNRnEuiP84REJ9haLuy3X50lF4RFIaPxjB7-5z84ZwzyivaBw$>




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ASU - http://www.asu.edu/

PSU - https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://pdx.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YBSmeaEm9SAxiB8GAY5Jh0OoSYZxFCTkkc7KS5l2r-uF1bIslkWDme7piVsbVAuhQjmge8K0eU1DpkmT$ 

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End of Volcano Digest - 9 May 2022 to 11 May 2022 (#2022-50)
************************************************************


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