Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 9-15 March 2022

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3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3


From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx>


Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

9-15 March 2022



Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx)

URL: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!KC9MaUT9HKv5J5hEiTKC2zssr6pYXRGWDUZckJGcZFexOsR4pTdYNgjopbuXrpk$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Js64T_DrihYRrY_lLs_9u9fI2DQfliKU_5Mf4Im8K5g6eyjq5UWEmZ5OgcLBnXg$>





New Activity/Unrest: Asosan, Kyushu (Japan)  | Bezymianny, Central
Kamchatka (Russia)  | Manam, Northeast of New Guinea



Ongoing Activity: Davidof, Aleutian Islands (USA)  | Fuego, South-Central
Guatemala  | Great Sitkin, Andreanof Islands (USA)  | Ibu, Halmahera  |
Kilauea, Hawaiian Islands (USA)  | Lewotolok, Lembata Island  | Merapi,
Central Java  | Pavlof, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska  | Rincon de la Vieja,
Costa Rica  | Semeru, Eastern Java  | Semisopochnoi, Aleutian Islands
(USA)  | Suwanosejima, Ryukyu Islands (Japan)  | Taal, Luzon (Philippines)
| Wolf, Isla Isabela (Galapagos)





The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the
Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's
Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports
are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail.
This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting
during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet
criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section.
Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in
issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network.



Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the
Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To
obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on
the Internet contact the source.







New Activity/Unrest



Asosan  | Kyushu (Japan)  | 32.884°N, 131.104°E  | Summit elev. 1592 m



JMA reported that the amplitude of volcanic tremor signals at Asosan had
decreased at around 1540 on 27 February and remained low. White plumes rose
600-800 m above the crater during 7-14 March. During field surveys
conducted on 8 and 10 March sulfur dioxide gas emissions were 1,300 and 900
tons per day, respectively; these values were higher than those measured
before the October 2021 eruption. No other changes were observed. JMA
lowered the Alert Level to 2 (on a scale of 1-5) on 14 March and warned the
public to stay at least 1 km away from the crater.



Geologic Summary. The 24-km-wide Asosan caldera was formed during four
major explosive eruptions from 300,000 to 90,000 years ago. These produced
voluminous pyroclastic flows that covered much of Kyushu. The last of
these, the Aso-4 eruption, produced more than 600 km3 of airfall tephra and
pyroclastic-flow deposits. A group of 17 central cones was constructed in
the middle of the caldera, one of which, Nakadake, is one of Japan's most
active volcanoes. It was the location of Japan's first documented
historical eruption in 553 CE. The Nakadake complex has remained active
throughout the Holocene. Several other cones have been active during the
Holocene, including the Kometsuka scoria cone as recently as about 210 CE.
Historical eruptions have largely consisted of basaltic to
basaltic-andesite ash emission with periodic strombolian and
phreatomagmatic activity. The summit crater of Nakadake is accessible by
toll road and cable car, and is one of Kyushu's most popular tourist
destinations.



Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!KC9MaUT9HKv5J5hEiTKC2zssr6pYXRGWDUZckJGcZFexOsR4pTdYNgjoCqm-CrI$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Js64T_DrihYRrY_lLs_9u9fI2DQfliKU_5Mf4Im8K5g6eyjq5UWEmZ5Ovucysm4$>





Bezymianny  | Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | 55.972°N, 160.595°E  | Summit
elev. 2882 m



According to the Tokyo VAAC an ash plume from Bezymianny was visible in
satellite images at 0310 on 15 March drifting W at an altitude of 4.9 km
(16,000 ft) a.s.l., signifying renewed explosive activity. By 0600 ash
plumes rose to 6.1 (20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S. Ash continued to be
emitted through the day. The eruption intensified and at 1322 ash plumes
rose to 8.2 km (27,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW. Satellite images showed
block-and-ash flows descended the SE flank to the base, with dense, dark
brown ash plumes rising along its path. Thermal anomalies were visible at
the summit and at the end of the flow. At 1750 possible ash plumes rose to
4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. Ash emissions continued to be
visible in subsequent satellite images. Activity again intensified, and at
0110 on 16 March ash plumes rose to 11.6 km (38,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted
NE. Ash emissions continued to be detected in images through the day.



Geologic Summary. Prior to its noted 1955-56 eruption, Bezymianny had been
considered extinct. The modern volcano, much smaller in size than its
massive neighbors Kamen and Kliuchevskoi, was formed about 4700 years ago
over a late-Pleistocene lava-dome complex and an ancestral edifice built
about 11,000-7000 years ago. Three periods of intensified activity have
occurred during the past 3000 years. The latest period, which was preceded
by a 1000-year quiescence, began with the dramatic 1955-56 eruption. This
eruption, similar to that of St. Helens in 1980, produced a large
horseshoe-shaped crater that was formed by collapse of the summit and an
associated lateral blast. Subsequent episodic but ongoing lava-dome growth,
accompanied by intermittent explosive activity and pyroclastic flows, has
largely filled the 1956 crater.



Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vaac/data/vaac_list.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!KC9MaUT9HKv5J5hEiTKC2zssr6pYXRGWDUZckJGcZFexOsR4pTdYNgjovygEJ7o$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vaac/data/vaac_list.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Js64T_DrihYRrY_lLs_9u9fI2DQfliKU_5Mf4Im8K5g6eyjq5UWEmZ5OkJDBf6E$>
;

Sentinel Hub https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!KC9MaUT9HKv5J5hEiTKC2zssr6pYXRGWDUZckJGcZFexOsR4pTdYNgjoGNH6TNE$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Js64T_DrihYRrY_lLs_9u9fI2DQfliKU_5Mf4Im8K5g6eyjq5UWEmZ5OPrHUrDA$>





Manam  | Northeast of New Guinea  | 4.08°S, 145.037°E  | Summit elev. 1807 m



The Darwin VAAC reported that on 14 March an ash plume from Manam rose to
2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. Ash plumes later that day and on 15
March rose to 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW and W.



Geologic Summary. The 10-km-wide island of Manam, lying 13 km off the
northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea, is one of the country's most
active volcanoes. Four large radial valleys extend from the unvegetated
summit of the conical basaltic-andesitic stratovolcano to its lower flanks.
These valleys channel lava flows and pyroclastic avalanches that have
sometimes reached the coast. Five small satellitic centers are located near
the island's shoreline on the northern, southern, and western sides. Two
summit craters are present; both are active, although most observed
eruptions have originated from the southern crater, concentrating eruptive
products during much of the past century into the SE valley. Frequent
eruptions, typically of mild-to-moderate scale, have been recorded since
1616. Occasional larger eruptions have produced pyroclastic flows and lava
flows that reached flat-lying coastal areas and entered the sea, sometimes
impacting populated areas.



Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!KC9MaUT9HKv5J5hEiTKC2zssr6pYXRGWDUZckJGcZFexOsR4pTdYNgjoYJjZvbI$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Js64T_DrihYRrY_lLs_9u9fI2DQfliKU_5Mf4Im8K5g6eyjq5UWEmZ5OF68VjlI$>





Ongoing Activity





Davidof  | Aleutian Islands (USA)  | 51.97°N, 178.33°E  | Summit elev. 328 m



According to AVO the earthquake swarm that began on 24 January in the
vicinity at Davidof continued at least through 15 March with a few small
earthquakes recorded each day by seismometers on Little Sitkin (15 km E).
The rate was variable, though the total number of events was similar to the
previous week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow and the Volcano
Alert Level remained at Advisory.



Geologic Summary. A cluster of small islands between Segula and Little
Sitkin in the western Aleutians, the largest of which is Davidof, are
remnants of a stratovolcano that collapsed during the late Tertiary,
forming a 2.7-km-wide caldera. The islands include Khvostof, Pyramid, Lopy,
and Davidof; the latter three form the eastern rim of the mostly submarine
caldera, sometimes referred to as the "Aleutian Krakatau." The islands were
constructed above a roughly 100-m-deep submarine platform extending NW to
Segula Island; the floor of the caldera lies 80 m below sea level. The
islands are vegetated, but lava flows are recognizable, and Smith et al.
(1978) suggested a possible Holocene age.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!KC9MaUT9HKv5J5hEiTKC2zssr6pYXRGWDUZckJGcZFexOsR4pTdYNgjobftCa_o$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Js64T_DrihYRrY_lLs_9u9fI2DQfliKU_5Mf4Im8K5g6eyjq5UWEmZ5OFLUUk6A$>





Fuego  | South-Central Guatemala  | 14.473°N, 90.88°W  | Summit elev. 3763 m



INSIVUMEH and CONRED confirmed that pyroclastic flows at Fuego descended
multiple flanks on 7 March, though those that traveled SW, S, and SE went
as far as 7 km. Vegetation and crops were impacted by the
farther-traveling, high-temperature pyroclastic flows as well as ashfall,
based on satellite data and field reports from staff at the Observatorio
Vulcanológico del Volcán de Fuego (OVFGO). A large amount of ash also fell
on homes and structures.



As many as 10 explosions per hour were recorded during 8-15 March. Multiple
daily ash plumes rose up to 1.3 km above the summit and drifted as far as
20 km W and SW. Ashfall was reported almost daily in areas downwind,
including Morelia (9 km SW), Panimaché I and II (8 km SW), Santa Sofía (12
km SW), El Porvenir (8 km ENE), Sangre de Cristo (8 km WSW), finca Palo
Verde, Yepocapa (8 km NW). Shock waves from the explosions and rumbling
sounds rattled local structures. Block avalanches mainly descended the
Ceniza (SSW), Seca (W), Trinidad (S), Taniluyá (SW), and Las Lajas (SE)
drainages, often reaching vegetated areas. Explosions ejected incandescent
material up to 200-400 m above the summit during 11-14 March.



Geologic Summary. Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active
volcanoes, is also one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking
Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice, Meseta,
lies between Fuego and Acatenango to the north. Construction of Meseta
dates back to about 230,000 years and continued until the late Pleistocene
or early Holocene. Collapse of Meseta may have produced the massive
Escuintla debris-avalanche deposit, which extends about 50 km onto the
Pacific coastal plain. Growth of the modern Fuego volcano followed,
continuing the southward migration of volcanism that began at the mostly
andesitic Acatenango. Eruptions at Fuego have become more mafic with time,
and most historical activity has produced basaltic rocks. Frequent vigorous
historical eruptions have been recorded since the onset of the Spanish era
in 1524, and have produced major ashfalls, along with occasional
pyroclastic flows and lava flows.



Sources: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e
Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!KC9MaUT9HKv5J5hEiTKC2zssr6pYXRGWDUZckJGcZFexOsR4pTdYNgjol890fQM$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Js64T_DrihYRrY_lLs_9u9fI2DQfliKU_5Mf4Im8K5g6eyjq5UWEmZ5OkBrFntY$>
;

Coordinadora Nacional para la Reducción de Desastres (CONRED)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://conred.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!KC9MaUT9HKv5J5hEiTKC2zssr6pYXRGWDUZckJGcZFexOsR4pTdYNgjoek-QLOw$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://conred.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Js64T_DrihYRrY_lLs_9u9fI2DQfliKU_5Mf4Im8K5g6eyjq5UWEmZ5OwmyWiGU$>





Great Sitkin  | Andreanof Islands (USA)  | 52.076°N, 176.13°W  | Summit
elev. 1740 m



AVO reported that slow lava effusion at Great Sitkin continued during 8-15
March and very low seismicity persisted. The rate of effusion slightly
increased from 28 February to 11 March, based on radar data collected on
those two dates; lava was extruded in all direction from the vent and the
southern lobe advanced 20 m. Snow covered most of the flow except for the
advancing fronts of the lava lobes and around the vent area. Elevated
surface temperatures were periodically identified in satellite images.
Minor steaming was visible in webcam images on 12 March. The steaming was
dense and also visible in satellite images during 12-13 March. The Aviation
Color Code and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Orange and Watch,
respectively.



Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side
of Great Sitkin Island. A younger parasitic volcano capped by a small, 0.8
x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large
late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure
that truncated an ancestral volcano and produced a submarine debris
avalanche. Deposits from this and an older debris avalanche from a source
to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano.
The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp.
Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the
flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was
partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small
older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed
along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and
fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano.
Historical eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!KC9MaUT9HKv5J5hEiTKC2zssr6pYXRGWDUZckJGcZFexOsR4pTdYNgjobftCa_o$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Js64T_DrihYRrY_lLs_9u9fI2DQfliKU_5Mf4Im8K5g6eyjq5UWEmZ5OFLUUk6A$>





Ibu  | Halmahera  | 1.488°N, 127.63°E  | Summit elev. 1325 m



PVMBG reported that the eruption at Ibu continued during 9-15 March.
Gray-and-white ash plumes rose 200-1,000 m above the summit and drifted N
and NE. Avalanches traveled 100-400 m N and NW during 14-15 March. The
Alert Level remained at a 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned
to stay at least 2 km away from the active crater and 3.5 km away on the N
side.



Geologic Summary. The truncated summit of Gunung Ibu stratovolcano along
the NW coast of Halmahera Island has large nested summit craters. The inner
crater, 1 km wide and 400 m deep, has contained several small crater lakes.
The 1.2-km-wide outer crater is breached on the N, creating a steep-walled
valley. A large cone grew ENE of the summit, and a smaller one to the WSW
has fed a lava flow down the W flank. A group of maars is located below the
N and W flanks. The first observed and recorded eruption was a small
explosion from the summit crater in 1911. Eruptive activity began again in
December 1998, producing a lava dome that eventually covered much of the
floor of the inner summit crater along with ongoing explosive ash emissions.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!KC9MaUT9HKv5J5hEiTKC2zssr6pYXRGWDUZckJGcZFexOsR4pTdYNgjor54Y-OY$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Js64T_DrihYRrY_lLs_9u9fI2DQfliKU_5Mf4Im8K5g6eyjq5UWEmZ5OXQlFElE$>





Kilauea  | Hawaiian Islands (USA)  | 19.421°N, 155.287°W  | Summit elev.
1222 m



HVO reported that lava effusion from vents in the lower W wall of Kilaueaâ??s
Halema`uma`u Crater continued at variable rates during 8-15 March.
Throughout February the main cone had broken down and by 4 March lava was
effusing from multiple vents, including the tallest cone (19 m high); by 11
March lava was supplied from an embayment just N of the cone which had
grown to 27 m high. Lava continued to feed the western active lava lake.
Lava breakouts along the SE, NE, and NW lake margins were visible on a few
of the days. Minor and slow crustal overturning occurred on the NW and SE
parts of the lakeâ??s margins during 13-14 March. The Aviation Color Code and
the Volcano Alert Level remained at Orange and Watch, respectively.



Geologic Summary. Kilauea overlaps the E flank of the massive Mauna Loa
shield volcano in the island of Hawaii. Eruptions are prominent in
Polynesian legends; written documentation since 1820 records frequent
summit and flank lava flow eruptions interspersed with periods of long-term
lava lake activity at Halemaumau crater in the summit caldera until 1924.
The 3 x 5 km caldera was formed in several stages about 1,500 years ago and
during the 18th century; eruptions have also originated from the lengthy
East and Southwest rift zones, which extend to the ocean in both
directions. About 90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is
formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the surface is
younger than 600 years. The long-term eruption from the East rift zone
between 1983 and 2018 produced lava flows covering more than 100 km2,
destroyed hundreds of houses, and added new coastline.



Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!KC9MaUT9HKv5J5hEiTKC2zssr6pYXRGWDUZckJGcZFexOsR4pTdYNgjoLfcSTwU$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Js64T_DrihYRrY_lLs_9u9fI2DQfliKU_5Mf4Im8K5g6eyjq5UWEmZ5O9j--fAU$>





Lewotolok  | Lembata Island  | 8.274°S, 123.508°E  | Summit elev. 1431 m



The eruption at Lewotolok continued during 8-15 March according to PVMBG.
Daily white-and-gray ash plumes rose as high as 1 km above the summit and
drifted E, W, and NW. Crater incandescence, lava effusion, and rumbling
sounds were reported during 7-10 March. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a
scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the summit
crater and 4 km away from the crater on the SE flank.



Geologic Summary. The Lewotolok (or Lewotolo) stratovolcano occupies the
eastern end of an elongated peninsula extending north into the Flores Sea,
connected to Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island by a narrow isthmus. It is
symmetrical when viewed from the north and east. A small cone with a
130-m-wide crater constructed at the SE side of a larger crater forms the
volcano's high point. Many lava flows have reached the coastline. Eruptions
recorded since 1660 have consisted of explosive activity from the summit
crater.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!KC9MaUT9HKv5J5hEiTKC2zssr6pYXRGWDUZckJGcZFexOsR4pTdYNgjor54Y-OY$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Js64T_DrihYRrY_lLs_9u9fI2DQfliKU_5Mf4Im8K5g6eyjq5UWEmZ5OXQlFElE$>





Merapi  | Central Java  | 7.54°S, 110.446°E  | Summit elev. 2910 m



BPPTKG reported that parts of Merapiâ??s summit lava dome collapsed during
9-10 March, sending pyroclastic flows as far as 5 km SE down the Gendol
drainage. At around 2318 on 9 March ash plumes rose at least 3 km above the
summit and drifted SE. Ashfall was reported in several villages downwind,
including in the Kemalang, Sawangan, Dukun, and Selo sub-districts, and 50
people from Bale Rante Village evacuated. The total volume that collapsed
was an estimated 646,000 cubic meters, making the volume of the remaining
dome material about 2,582,000 cubic meters.



Overall, during 4-10 March, there was a total of 101 lava avalanches and
one pyroclastic flow that descended the Bebeng drainage on the SW flank a
maximum distance of 2 km. Extrusion at the SW lava dome continued; the
volume of the dome was an estimated 1.58 million cubic meters, similar to
the previous few weeks. Pyroclastic flows in the Gendol drainage totaled 18
during the week, and there were 17 lava avalanches that traveled as far as
1.5 km. Seismicity remained at high levels with an increase in the
intensity of signals. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4),
and the public was warned to stay 3-5 km away from the summit based on
location.



Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in
one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape
immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and
southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth
of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse
perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the
eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young
Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began
SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying
growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have
devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused
many fatalities.



Sources: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi
(BPPTKG) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!KC9MaUT9HKv5J5hEiTKC2zssr6pYXRGWDUZckJGcZFexOsR4pTdYNgjo9sX3JLQ$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Js64T_DrihYRrY_lLs_9u9fI2DQfliKU_5Mf4Im8K5g6eyjq5UWEmZ5Oef9W438$>
;

Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bnpb.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!KC9MaUT9HKv5J5hEiTKC2zssr6pYXRGWDUZckJGcZFexOsR4pTdYNgjoEjMwLg0$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bnpb.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Js64T_DrihYRrY_lLs_9u9fI2DQfliKU_5Mf4Im8K5g6eyjq5UWEmZ5OHyHRNcM$>





Pavlof  | Alaska Peninsula, Alaska  | 55.417°N, 161.894°W  | Summit elev.
2493 m



AVO reported that the eruption at a vent on Pavlofâ??s upper E flank was
ongoing during 8-15 March, and small explosions were detected in local
seismic and infrasound data on most days. Tremor levels was characterized
as strong during 8-10 March and moderate during the rest of the week. A
satellite image acquired on 7 March showed highly elevated surface
temperatures near the vent (likely due to an accumulation of lava spatter),
and a dark lahar deposit extending 750 m down the SE flank. Minor ash
deposits were visible around the vent. Elevated surface temperatures were
visible on most days of the week, though cloud cover sometimes prevented
observations, consistent with continued activity. On 14 March satellite
images showed minor lava effusion at the vent. The Volcano Alert Level
remained at Watch and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.



Geologic Summary. The most active volcano of the Aleutian arc, Pavlof is a
2519-m-high Holocene stratovolcano that was constructed along a line of
vents extending NE from the Emmons Lake caldera. Pavlof and its twin
volcano to the NE, 2142-m-high Pavlof Sister, form a dramatic pair of
symmetrical, glacier-covered stratovolcanoes that tower above Pavlof and
Volcano bays. A third cone, Little Pavlof, is a smaller volcano on the SW
flank of Pavlof volcano, near the rim of Emmons Lake caldera. Unlike Pavlof
Sister, Pavlof has been frequently active in historical time, typically
producing Strombolian to Vulcanian explosive eruptions from the summit
vents and occasional lava flows. The active vents lie near the summit on
the north and east sides. The largest historical eruption took place in
1911, at the end of a 5-year-long eruptive episode, when a fissure opened
on the N flank, ejecting large blocks and issuing lava flows.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!KC9MaUT9HKv5J5hEiTKC2zssr6pYXRGWDUZckJGcZFexOsR4pTdYNgjobftCa_o$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Js64T_DrihYRrY_lLs_9u9fI2DQfliKU_5Mf4Im8K5g6eyjq5UWEmZ5OFLUUk6A$>





Rincon de la Vieja  | Costa Rica  | 10.83°N, 85.324°W  | Summit elev. 1916 m



OVSICORI-UNA reported that an eruptive event at Rincón de la Vieja was
recorded at 0956 on 15 March. No plumes were visible due to weather
conditions.



Geologic Summary. Rincón de la Vieja, the largest volcano in NW Costa Rica,
is a remote volcanic complex in the Guanacaste Range. The volcano consists
of an elongated, arcuate NW-SE-trending ridge constructed within the
15-km-wide early Pleistocene Guachipelín caldera, whose rim is exposed on
the south side. Sometimes known as the "Colossus of Guanacaste," it has an
estimated volume of 130 km3 and contains at least nine major eruptive
centers. Activity has migrated to the SE, where the youngest-looking
craters are located. The twin cone of Santa María volcano, the highest peak
of the complex, is located at the eastern end of a smaller, 5-km-wide
caldera and has a 500-m-wide crater. A Plinian eruption producing the 0.25
km3 Río Blanca tephra about 3,500 years ago was the last major magmatic
eruption. All subsequent eruptions, including numerous historical eruptions
possibly dating back to the 16th century, have been from the prominent
active crater containing a 500-m-wide acid lake located ENE of Von Seebach
crater.



Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad
Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!KC9MaUT9HKv5J5hEiTKC2zssr6pYXRGWDUZckJGcZFexOsR4pTdYNgjoY4L_xK8$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Js64T_DrihYRrY_lLs_9u9fI2DQfliKU_5Mf4Im8K5g6eyjq5UWEmZ5O72oZwtM$>





Semeru  | Eastern Java  | 8.108°S, 112.922°E  | Summit elev. 3657 m



PVMBG reported that the eruption at Semeru continued during 8-15 March,
though weather conditions sometimes hindered views. Almost daily eruptive
events produced white-and-gray plumes that rose as high as 1 km above the
summit and drifted S, SW, and W. Avalanches were detected but not visually
confirmed during 12-13 March. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of
1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 500 m away from Kobokan
drainages within 17 km of the summit, along with other drainages
originating on Semeru, including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar,
avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.



Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most
active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to
the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru
(Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru
was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas.
A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting
through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and
NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from
NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by
small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava
flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that
have reached the lower flanks of the volcano.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!KC9MaUT9HKv5J5hEiTKC2zssr6pYXRGWDUZckJGcZFexOsR4pTdYNgjor54Y-OY$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Js64T_DrihYRrY_lLs_9u9fI2DQfliKU_5Mf4Im8K5g6eyjq5UWEmZ5OXQlFElE$>





Semisopochnoi  | Aleutian Islands (USA)  | 51.93°N, 179.58°E  | Summit
elev. 1221 m



AVO reported that low-level eruptive activity at Semisopochnoi's North
Cerberus cone continued during 8-15 March. Seismic tremor and sometimes
numerous daily explosions were detected in seismic and regional infrasound
data. Minor ash emissions were visible in webcam images during 8-9 and
14-15 March; likely plumes on other days may have been hidden due to
clouds. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange and the Volcano Alert
Level remained at Watch.



Geologic Summary. Semisopochnoi, the largest subaerial volcano of the
western Aleutians, is 20 km wide at sea level and contains an 8-km-wide
caldera. It formed as a result of collapse of a low-angle, dominantly
basaltic volcano following the eruption of a large volume of dacitic
pumice. The high point of the island is Anvil Peak, a double-peaked
late-Pleistocene cone that forms much of the island's northern part. The
three-peaked Mount Cerberus was constructed within the caldera during the
Holocene. Each of the peaks contains a summit crater; lava flows on the N
flank of Cerberus appear younger than those on the south side. Other
post-caldera volcanoes include the symmetrical Sugarloaf Peak SSE of the
caldera and Lakeshore Cone, a small cinder cone at the edge of Fenner Lake
in the NE part of the caldera. Most documented eruptions have originated
from Cerberus, although Coats (1950) considered that both Sugarloaf and
Lakeshore Cone could have been recently active.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!KC9MaUT9HKv5J5hEiTKC2zssr6pYXRGWDUZckJGcZFexOsR4pTdYNgjobftCa_o$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Js64T_DrihYRrY_lLs_9u9fI2DQfliKU_5Mf4Im8K5g6eyjq5UWEmZ5OFLUUk6A$>





Suwanosejima  | Ryukyu Islands (Japan)  | 29.638°N, 129.714°E  | Summit
elev. 796 m



JMA reported that eruptive activity continued to be recorded at
Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater during 7-14 March. Eruption plumes rose as
high as 1.7 km above the crater rim and ejected blocks 400 m away from the
crater. Ashfall was reported in Toshima village (3.5 km SSW) during 7-11
March. The Alert Level remained at 3 and the public was warned to stay 2 km
away from the crater.



Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long, spindle-shaped island of Suwanosejima in
the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two
historically active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large
breached crater extending to the sea on the east flank that was formed by
edifice collapse. Suwanosejima, one of Japan's most frequently active
volcanoes, was in a state of intermittent strombolian activity from Otake,
the NE summit crater, that began in 1949 and lasted until 1996, after which
periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest historical eruption took
place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits blanketed residential areas,
and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast.
At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed forming a large
debris avalanche and creating the horseshoe-shaped Sakuchi caldera, which
extends to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70
years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of
the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island.



Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!KC9MaUT9HKv5J5hEiTKC2zssr6pYXRGWDUZckJGcZFexOsR4pTdYNgjoCqm-CrI$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Js64T_DrihYRrY_lLs_9u9fI2DQfliKU_5Mf4Im8K5g6eyjq5UWEmZ5Ovucysm4$>





Taal  | Luzon (Philippines)  | 14.002°N, 120.993°E  | Summit elev. 311 m



PHIVOLCS reported that unrest at Taal continued during 7-15 March. Hot
volcanic fluids circulated and upwelled in the crater lake, and daily
gas-and-steam plumes that rose as high as 2.4 km above the lake drifted SW
and NNW. Sulfur dioxide emissions continued to be elevated, averaging
7,695-15,306 tonnes/day during 7, 11, and 13-14 March. There were 8-49
daily volcanic earthquakes recorded during 10-14 March, including as many
as 45 daily periods of volcanic tremor, each lasting 2-90 minutes. One
hybrid event was recorded during 11-12 March. The Volcano Alert Level
remained at a 2 (on a scale of 0-5). PHIVOLCS reminded the public that the
entire Taal Volcano Island is a Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and warned
against extended stays on Taal Lake.



Geologic Summary. Taal is one of the most active volcanoes in the
Philippines and has produced some of its most powerful historical
eruptions. Though not topographically prominent, its prehistorical
eruptions have greatly changed the landscape of SW Luzon. The 15 x 20 km
Talisay (Taal) caldera is largely filled by Lake Taal, whose 267 km2
surface lies only 3 m above sea level. The maximum depth of the lake is 160
m, and several eruptive centers lie submerged beneath the lake. The
5-km-wide Volcano Island in north-central Lake Taal is the location of all
historical eruptions. The island is composed of coalescing small
stratovolcanoes, tuff rings, and scoria cones that have grown about 25% in
area during historical time. Powerful pyroclastic flows and surges from
historical eruptions have caused many fatalities.



Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!KC9MaUT9HKv5J5hEiTKC2zssr6pYXRGWDUZckJGcZFexOsR4pTdYNgjoLZp8ZRo$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Js64T_DrihYRrY_lLs_9u9fI2DQfliKU_5Mf4Im8K5g6eyjq5UWEmZ5O8i1Kt2k$>





Wolf  | Isla Isabela (Galapagos)  | 0.02°N, 91.35°W  | Summit elev. 1710 m



IG reported that the eruption at Wolf continued during 8-15 March. Daily
thermal alert counts, as many as around 230, indicated active and advancing
lava flows on the SSE flank. Diffuse sulfur dioxide gas plumes were
detected in satellite data almost daily.



Geologic Summary. Wolf, the highest volcano of the Galápagos Islands,
straddles the equator at the north end of the archipelago's largest island,
Isabela. The 1710-m-high edifice has steeper slopes than most other Isabela
volcanoes, reaching angles up to 35 degrees. A 6 x 7 km caldera, at 700 m
one of the deepest of the Galápagos Islands, is located at the summit. A
prominent bench on the west side of the caldera rises 450 above the caldera
floor, much of which is covered by a lava flow erupted in 1982. Radial
fissures concentrated along diffuse rift zones extend down the north, NW,
and SE flanks, and submarine vents lie beyond the north and NW fissures.
Similar unvegetated flows originating from a circumferential chain of
spatter and scoria cones on the eastern caldera rim drape the forested
flanks to the sea. The proportion of aa lava flows at Volcán Wolf exceeds
that of other Galápagos volcanoes. An eruption in in 1797 was the first
documented historical eruption in the Galápagos Islands.



Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!KC9MaUT9HKv5J5hEiTKC2zssr6pYXRGWDUZckJGcZFexOsR4pTdYNgjoftSghJ4$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Js64T_DrihYRrY_lLs_9u9fI2DQfliKU_5Mf4Im8K5g6eyjq5UWEmZ5OI4i6yDg$>




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End of Volcano Digest - 9 Mar 2022 to 18 Mar 2022 (#2022-30)
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