Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 16-22 February 2022

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7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7


From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx>


Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

16-22 February 2022



Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx)

URL: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0i2fibgU$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o6W7AmsCQ$>





New Activity/Unrest: Sangeang Api, N of Sumbawa Island



Ongoing Activity: Aira, Kyushu (Japan)  | Ambae, Vanuatu  | Davidof,
Aleutian Islands (USA)  | Etna, Sicily (Italy)  | Great Sitkin, Andreanof
Islands (USA)  | Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai, Tonga Ridge  | Karymsky,
Eastern Kamchatka (Russia)  | Kavachi, Solomon Islands  | Kilauea, Hawaiian
Islands (USA)  | Lewotolok, Lembata Island  | Merapi, Central Java  |
Pavlof, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska  | Reventador, Ecuador  | Semeru, Eastern
Java  | Semisopochnoi, Aleutian Islands (USA)  | Sheveluch, Central
Kamchatka (Russia)  | Suwanosejima, Ryukyu Islands (Japan)  | Turrialba,
Costa Rica  | Wolf, Isla Isabela (Galapagos)  | Yasur, Vanuatu





The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the
Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's
Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports
are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail.
This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting
during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet
criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section.
Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in
issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network.



Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the
Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To
obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on
the Internet contact the source.







New Activity/Unrest





Sangeang Api  | N of Sumbawa Island  | 8.2°S, 119.07°E  | Summit elev. 1912
m



The Darwin VAAC reported that on 17 February ash plumes from Sangeang Api
rose to altitudes of 4-4.9 km (13,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW and
WSW. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4).



Geologic Summary. Sangeang Api volcano, one of the most active in the
Lesser Sunda Islands, forms a small 13-km-wide island off the NE coast of
Sumbawa Island. Two large trachybasaltic-to-tranchyandesitic volcanic
cones, Doro Api and Doro Mantoi, were constructed in the center and on the
eastern rim, respectively, of an older, largely obscured caldera. Flank
vents occur on the south side of Doro Mantoi and near the northern coast.
Intermittent eruptions have been recorded since 1512, most of them during
in the 20th century.



Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0b66BIQE$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o6Gzkmr4A$>
;

Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0lC63zXU$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o63NyqvBk$>





Ongoing Activity





Aira  | Kyushu (Japan)  | 31.593°N, 130.657°E  | Summit elev. 1117 m



JMA reported that at 1540 on 15 February an eruption at Minamidake Crater
(at Aira Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) produced plumes that rose 1.3 km
above the crater rim and into weather clouds. Sulfur dioxide emissions were
slightly high at 1,200 tons per day on 17 February. A very small eruptive
event was recorded on 20 February. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a
5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.



Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay
contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active.
Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of
the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera
was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the Aira caldera,
along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began
about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim of Aira caldera and built an
island that was finally joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major
explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit
cone ended about 4850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at
Minamidake. Frequent historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century,
have deposited ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located
across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical
eruption took place during 1471-76.



Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0QO_k2QY$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o6QGyspRE$>





Ambae  | Vanuatu  | 15.389°S, 167.835°E  | Summit elev. 1496 m



On 18 February the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-Hazards Department (VMGD)
reported that the cone in Ambaeâ??s Lake Voui continued to grow and produce
steam, gas, and ash emissions. Webcam images showed ash emissions rising to
3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting WSW the day before, according to the
Wellington VAAC. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5) and the
public was warned to stay outside of the Danger Zone defined as a 2-km
radius around the active vents in Lake Voui and away from drainages during
heavy rains.



Geologic Summary. The island of Ambae, also known as Aoba, is a massive
2,500 km3 basaltic shield that is the most voluminous volcano of the New
Hebrides archipelago. A pronounced NE-SW-trending rift zone dotted with
scoria cones gives the 16 x 38 km island an elongated form. A broad
pyroclastic cone containing three crater lakes (Manaro Ngoru, Voui, and
Manaro Lakua) is located at the summit within the youngest of at least two
nested calderas, the largest of which is 6 km in diameter. That large
central edifice is also called Manaro Voui or Lombenben volcano.
Post-caldera explosive eruptions formed the summit craters about 360 years
ago. A tuff cone was constructed within Lake Voui (or Vui) about 60 years
later. The latest known flank eruption, about 300 years ago, destroyed the
population of the Nduindui area near the western coast.



Sources: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-Hazards Department (VMGD)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geohazards.gov.vu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F04BDaBqk$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geohazards.gov.vu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o63qJXWaY$>
;

Wellington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vaac.metservice.com/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0IwRsTX8$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vaac.metservice.com/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o6BWyG5u4$>





Davidof  | Aleutian Islands (USA)  | 51.97°N, 178.33°E  | Summit elev. 328 m



According to AVO the earthquake swarm that began on 24 January in the
vicinity at Davidof continued at least through 22 February with a few small
earthquakes recorded on most days. The swarm was either related to tectonic
processes or volcanic unrest. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow
and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory.



Geologic Summary. A cluster of small islands between Segula and Little
Sitkin in the western Aleutians, the largest of which is Davidof, are
remnants of a stratovolcano that collapsed during the late Tertiary,
forming a 2.7-km-wide caldera. The islands include Khvostof, Pyramid, Lopy,
and Davidof; the latter three form the eastern rim of the mostly submarine
caldera, sometimes referred to as the "Aleutian Krakatau." The islands were
constructed above a roughly 100-m-deep submarine platform extending NW to
Segula Island; the floor of the caldera lies 80 m below sea level. The
islands are vegetated, but lava flows are recognizable, and Smith et al.
(1978) suggested a possible Holocene age.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0cV9T4K0$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o60WU3UmU$>





Etna  | Sicily (Italy)  | 37.748°N, 14.999°E  | Summit elev. 3320 m



INGV reported that a thermal anomaly at Etnaâ??s Southeast Crater (SEC) was
first visible in webcam images at 0907 on 21 February, followed within an
hour by weak Strombolian activity. Strombolian activity intensified and by
noon lava fountaining was visible. An eruption plume had risen to 10 km
above the summit and drifted SE. Lava overflowed the SEC at 1210 and
traveled SW. The eruption plume reached a height of 12 km, drifted SSE, and
caused ashfall in Viagrande (16 km SSE), Trecastagni (16 km SE), Milo
(about 11 km ESE), Aci Castello (26 km SSE), and Zafferana (10 km SE).
Sometime after 1300 lava fountaining ceased, though the lava flow continued
to be fed. Another flow traveling E to an elevation of 2,900 m was visible
in webcam images and by scientists observing the eruption in the field.
Explosivity activity ceased in the afternoon. Weather conditions hindered
views over the next day but by 1900 on 22 February webcam observations were
again possible. Weak Strombolian activity at SEC was visible and the E lava
flow had advanced.



Geologic Summary. Mount Etna, towering above Catania, Sicily's second
largest city, has one of the world's longest documented records of
historical volcanism, dating back to 1500 BCE. Historical lava flows of
basaltic composition cover much of the surface of this massive volcano,
whose edifice is the highest and most voluminous in Italy. The Mongibello
stratovolcano, truncated by several small calderas, was constructed during
the late Pleistocene and Holocene over an older shield volcano. The most
prominent morphological feature of Etna is the Valle del Bove, a 5 x 10 km
horseshoe-shaped caldera open to the east. Two styles of eruptive activity
typically occur, sometimes simultaneously. Persistent explosive eruptions,
sometimes with minor lava emissions, take place from one or more summit
craters. Flank vents, typically with higher effusion rates, are less
frequently active and originate from fissures that open progressively
downward from near the summit (usually accompanied by Strombolian eruptions
at the upper end). Cinder cones are commonly constructed over the vents of
lower-flank lava flows. Lava flows extend to the foot of the volcano on all
sides and have reached the sea over a broad area on the SE flank.



Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0WqLPftc$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o62QCf7QY$>





Great Sitkin  | Andreanof Islands (USA)  | 52.076°N, 176.13°W  | Summit
elev. 1740 m



AVO reported that slow lava effusion at Great Sitkin continued during 16-22
February, though cloudy conditions often prevented satellite and webcam
views. Lava flows had continued to advance down the S, W, and N flanks, and
were 1,050 m, 930 m, and 220 m long, respectively. Lava flows were also
active on the SSW flank. Seismicity remained slightly above background
levels, and a few, daily, small local earthquakes were recorded during
19-21 February. The Aviation Color Code and the Volcano Alert Level
remained at Orange and Watch, respectively.



Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side
of Great Sitkin Island. A younger parasitic volcano capped by a small, 0.8
x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large
late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure
that truncated an ancestral volcano and produced a submarine debris
avalanche. Deposits from this and an older debris avalanche from a source
to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano.
The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp.
Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the
flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was
partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small
older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed
along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and
fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano.
Historical eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0cV9T4K0$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o60WU3UmU$>





Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai  | Tonga Ridge  | 20.536°S, 175.382°W  | Summit
elev. 114 m



Recovery efforts from the 14-15 January eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga
Ha'apai continued in Tonga. According to a news article, the main undersea
international fiber-optic communication cable that had been severed in
multiple places due to the eruption had been repaired by 21 February, and
internet connectivity was restored by 22 February. Repairs had begun on 3
February to rejoin 5-6 pieces and replace a 55 km section of the cable that
was missing and likely buried in sediment. A domestic cable that was
located closer to the volcano may take months to repair. Another news
article noted that over 200 fishing boats had been destroyed by the
tsunamis; dozens of new boats had been gifted by international donors.



Geologic Summary. The small andesitic islands of Hunga Tonga and Hunga
Ha'apai are part of the western and northern remnants of the rim (~6 km
diameter) of a largely submarine caldera located about 30 km SSE of Falcon
Island. The topmost sequence of welded and unwelded ignimbrite units from a
caldera-forming eruption was 14C dated to 1040-1180 CE (Cronin et al.,
2017; Brenna et al. 2022). At least two additional welded pumice-rich
ignimbrite units and nonwelded pyroclastic flow deposits, below paleosols
and other volcaniclastic deposits, indicated more very large previous
eruptions (Cronin et al., 2017; Brenna et al. 2022). Several submarine
eruptions have occurred at this caldera system since the first recorded
eruption in 1912, including 1937 and S of the islands in 1988. A short
eruption in 2009 added land to to Hunga Ha'apai. At that time the two
islands were each about 2 km long, displaying inward-facing sea cliffs with
lava and tephra layers dipping gently away from the caldera. An eruption
during December 2014-January 2015 was centered between the islands, and
combined them into one larger structure. Major explosive eruptions in late
2021 initially reshaped the central part of the combined island before
stronger activity in mid-January 2022 removed most of the 2014-15 material;
an even larger eruption the next day sent an eruption plume high into the
stratosphere, triggered shock waves through the atmosphere and tsunami
across the Pacific Ocean, and left only small remnants of the islands above
the ocean surface.



Sources: Matangi Tonga Online
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://matangitonga.to/2022/02/21/200-fishing-boats-wrecked-tsunamis__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0DtWqdPM$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://matangitonga.to/2022/02/21/200-fishing-boats-wrecked-tsunamis__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o6mvn_XXE$>
;

Matangi Tonga Online
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://matangitonga.to/2022/02/21/reliance-reconnecting-tonga-end-cable-tuesday-countdown-launch__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0uVf0u8s$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://matangitonga.to/2022/02/21/reliance-reconnecting-tonga-end-cable-tuesday-countdown-launch__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o6mY5GZtE$>
;

Matangi Tonga Online
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://matangitonga.to/2022/02/23/tonga-thanks-elon-musk-spacex-50-vsat-terminals__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0bF-9fX8$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://matangitonga.to/2022/02/23/tonga-thanks-elon-musk-spacex-50-vsat-terminals__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o6l-Rn_bU$>
;

Associated Press
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://apnews.com/article/spacex-coronavirus-pandemic-technology-business-health-104298b3b7f4fd4773d1021b26302cb6__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0q9D2sCQ$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://apnews.com/article/spacex-coronavirus-pandemic-technology-business-health-104298b3b7f4fd4773d1021b26302cb6__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o6PU55meo$>





Karymsky  | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia)  | 54.049°N, 159.443°E  | Summit
elev. 1513 m



KVERT reported that a thermal anomaly over Karymsky was visible in
satellite images during 10-11 February. The volcano was either quiet or
obscured by clouds on the other days through 18 February. The Aviation
Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color
scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time
where noted.



Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern
volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a
5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts
the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the
north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains
the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding
Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located
immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700
radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000
years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago,
following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows
less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or
vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava
flows from the summit crater.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0UBwUFCI$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o6hAjzHBM$>





Kavachi  | Solomon Islands  | 8.991°S, 157.979°E  | Summit elev. -20 m



Satellite data showed discolored water around Kavachi in the month of
February, on three of four image acquisition dates. Discolored water fanned
out short distances (around 3 km) mainly to the E on 4 February and to the
WSW on 14 February. Cloudy weather prevented views of the vent area on 9
February. On 19 February a relatively narrow plume of discolored water
drifted E and then dispersed about 6 km away.



Geologic Summary. Named for a sea-god of the Gatokae and Vangunu peoples,
Kavachi is one of the most active submarine volcanoes in the SW Pacific,
located in the Solomon Islands south of Vangunu Island. Sometimes referred
to as Rejo te Kvachi ("Kavachi's Oven"), this shallow submarine
basaltic-to-andesitic volcano has produced ephemeral islands up to 1 km
long many times since its first recorded eruption during 1939. Residents of
the nearby islands of Vanguna and Nggatokae (Gatokae) reported "fire on the
water" prior to 1939, a possible reference to earlier eruptions. The
roughly conical edifice rises from water depths of 1.1-1.2 km on the north
and greater depths to the SE. Frequent shallow submarine and occasional
subaerial eruptions produce phreatomagmatic explosions that eject steam,
ash, and incandescent bombs. On a number of occasions lava flows were
observed on the ephemeral islands.



Sources: Sentinel Hub https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0SlKSeU8$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o6Gp307aY$>
;

Culture Volcan https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://laculturevolcan.blogspot.com/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0HIykfl0$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://laculturevolcan.blogspot.com/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o6gCummO8$>





Kilauea  | Hawaiian Islands (USA)  | 19.421°N, 155.287°W  | Summit elev.
1222 m



HVO reported that lava effusion at the vent of the main cone in the lower W
wall of Kilaueaâ??s Halema`uma`u Crater continued at variable rates during
16-22 February. Effusion from the vent was very low or had paused from
around 0000 on 16 February until about 0230 on 17 February. After another
drop, the effusion rate was relatively stable at least through 22 February.
The lake level fluctuated through the week, likely reflecting the lava
supply along with periods of inflation and deflation. Short-lived lava
ooze-outs were visible along the W margins of the lava lake and small flows
from the W vent traveled S and W during 20-22 February. The Aviation Color
Code and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Orange and Watch, respectively.



Geologic Summary. Kilauea overlaps the E flank of the massive Mauna Loa
shield volcano in the island of Hawaii. Eruptions are prominent in
Polynesian legends; written documentation since 1820 records frequent
summit and flank lava flow eruptions interspersed with periods of long-term
lava lake activity at Halemaumau crater in the summit caldera until 1924.
The 3 x 5 km caldera was formed in several stages about 1,500 years ago and
during the 18th century; eruptions have also originated from the lengthy
East and Southwest rift zones, which extend to the ocean in both
directions. About 90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is
formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the surface is
younger than 600 years. The long-term eruption from the East rift zone
between 1983 and 2018 produced lava flows covering more than 100 km2,
destroyed hundreds of houses, and added new coastline.



Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F071rE_2k$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o6C9a7oo8$>





Lewotolok  | Lembata Island  | 8.274°S, 123.508°E  | Summit elev. 1431 m



PVMBG reported that the eruption at Lewotolok continued during 15-19
February. Daily white-and-gray ash plumes rose as high as 600 m above the
summit and drifted E, W, and NW. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale
of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the summit crater
and 4 km away from the crater on the SE flank.



Geologic Summary. The Lewotolok (or Lewotolo) stratovolcano occupies the
eastern end of an elongated peninsula extending north into the Flores Sea,
connected to Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island by a narrow isthmus. It is
symmetrical when viewed from the north and east. A small cone with a
130-m-wide crater constructed at the SE side of a larger crater forms the
volcano's high point. Many lava flows have reached the coastline. Eruptions
recorded since 1660 have consisted of explosive activity from the summit
crater.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0lC63zXU$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o63NyqvBk$>





Merapi  | Central Java  | 7.54°S, 110.446°E  | Summit elev. 2910 m



BPPTKG reported no significant morphological changes at Merapiâ??s lava
domes, located just below the SW rim and in the summit crater, during 11-17
February. Seismicity remained at high levels. In the SW-flank Bebeng
drainage there were as many as 105 lava avalanches that traveled a maximum
of 2 km and three pyroclastic flows that extended 2.8 km. The Alert Level
remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-5 km
away from the summit based on location.



Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in
one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape
immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and
southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth
of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse
perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the
eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young
Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began
SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying
growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have
devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused
many fatalities.



Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi
(BPPTKG) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0Tw7jryU$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o6E9muGEk$>





Pavlof  | Alaska Peninsula, Alaska  | 55.417°N, 161.894°W  | Summit elev.
2493 m



AVO reported that the eruption at Pavlof was ongoing during 16-22 February
with lava effusion from a vent on the upper SE flank feeding flows on the E
flank. Seismicity was elevated with periods of tremor detected and elevated
surface temperatures identified in satellite images; both were consistent
with continuing lava effusion. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch
and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.



Geologic Summary. The most active volcano of the Aleutian arc, Pavlof is a
2519-m-high Holocene stratovolcano that was constructed along a line of
vents extending NE from the Emmons Lake caldera. Pavlof and its twin
volcano to the NE, 2142-m-high Pavlof Sister, form a dramatic pair of
symmetrical, glacier-covered stratovolcanoes that tower above Pavlof and
Volcano bays. A third cone, Little Pavlof, is a smaller volcano on the SW
flank of Pavlof volcano, near the rim of Emmons Lake caldera. Unlike Pavlof
Sister, Pavlof has been frequently active in historical time, typically
producing Strombolian to Vulcanian explosive eruptions from the summit
vents and occasional lava flows. The active vents lie near the summit on
the north and east sides. The largest historical eruption took place in
1911, at the end of a 5-year-long eruptive episode, when a fissure opened
on the N flank, ejecting large blocks and issuing lava flows.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0cV9T4K0$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o60WU3UmU$>





Reventador  | Ecuador  | 0.077°S, 77.656°W  | Summit elev. 3562 m



IG reported that a high level of activity continued at Reventador during
15-22 February, though cloudy weather conditions prevented visual
observations during 20-21 February. Steam-and-ash plumes, often observed
multiple times a day with the webcam or reported by the Washington VAAC,
rose higher than 1.3 km above the summit crater and drifted in multiple
directions. Crater incandescence was visible most nights; incandescent
material was visible descending the S flank during 17-18 February.



Geologic Summary. Reventador is the most frequently active of a chain of
Ecuadorian volcanoes in the Cordillera Real, well east of the principal
volcanic axis. The forested, dominantly andesitic Volcán El Reventador
stratovolcano rises to 3562 m above the jungles of the western Amazon
basin. A 4-km-wide caldera widely breached to the east was formed by
edifice collapse and is partially filled by a young, unvegetated
stratovolcano that rises about 1300 m above the caldera floor to a height
comparable to the caldera rim. It has been the source of numerous lava
flows as well as explosive eruptions that were visible from Quito in
historical time. Frequent lahars in this region of heavy rainfall have
constructed a debris plain on the eastern floor of the caldera. The largest
historical eruption took place in 2002, producing a 17-km-high eruption
column, pyroclastic flows that traveled up to 8 km, and lava flows from
summit and flank vents.



Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0Pb6Ed_M$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o6--i3a_c$>





Semeru  | Eastern Java  | 8.108°S, 112.922°E  | Summit elev. 3657 m



PVMBG reported that eruptions at Semeru recorded at 0554 and 0709 on 17
February, 0558 on 18 February, 0551 on 19 February, and 0701 on 20 February
generated ash plumes that rose 500-700 m above the summit and drifted N, W,
and SW. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4). The public was
warned to stay at least 500 m away from Kobokan drainages within 17 km of
the summit, along with other drainages originating on Semeru, including the
Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow
hazards.



Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most
active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to
the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru
(Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru
was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas.
A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting
through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and
NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from
NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by
small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava
flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that
have reached the lower flanks of the volcano.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0lC63zXU$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o63NyqvBk$>





Semisopochnoi  | Aleutian Islands (USA)  | 51.93°N, 179.58°E  | Summit
elev. 1221 m



AVO reported that low-level eruptive activity at Semisopochnoi's North
Cerberus cone continued during 16-22 February. Seismicity was elevated with
low-level tremor, and occasional explosions, detected almost daily in both
seismic and infrasound data. Weather clouds prevented satellite and webcam
views of the volcano. Low-level ash clouds from the summit were observed in
webcam images drifting N during 21-22 February. The Aviation Color Code
remained at Orange and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch.



Geologic Summary. Semisopochnoi, the largest subaerial volcano of the
western Aleutians, is 20 km wide at sea level and contains an 8-km-wide
caldera. It formed as a result of collapse of a low-angle, dominantly
basaltic volcano following the eruption of a large volume of dacitic
pumice. The high point of the island is Anvil Peak, a double-peaked
late-Pleistocene cone that forms much of the island's northern part. The
three-peaked Mount Cerberus was constructed within the caldera during the
Holocene. Each of the peaks contains a summit crater; lava flows on the N
flank of Cerberus appear younger than those on the south side. Other
post-caldera volcanoes include the symmetrical Sugarloaf Peak SSE of the
caldera and Lakeshore Cone, a small cinder cone at the edge of Fenner Lake
in the NE part of the caldera. Most documented eruptions have originated
from Cerberus, although Coats (1950) considered that both Sugarloaf and
Lakeshore Cone could have been recently active.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0cV9T4K0$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o60WU3UmU$>





Sheveluch  | Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | 56.653°N, 161.36°E  | Summit
elev. 3283 m



KVERT reported that a thermal anomaly over Sheveluch was identified in
satellite images during 11-18 February. The Aviation Color Code remained at
Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on
UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.



Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also
spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya
volcano group. The 1300 km3 volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most
active volcanic structures. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary
Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera
breached to the south. Many lava domes dot its outer flanks. The Molodoy
Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the
large horseshoe-shaped caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took
place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. At least 60 large eruptions have
occurred during the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano
of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions
have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in
Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964,
have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of
the breached caldera.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0UBwUFCI$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o6hAjzHBM$>





Suwanosejima  | Ryukyu Islands (Japan)  | 29.638°N, 129.714°E  | Summit
elev. 796 m



JMA reported that 102 explosions were recorded at Suwanosejima's Ontake
Crater during 14-21 February. The explosions produced ash plumes that rose
as high as 1.8 km above the crater rim. Ashfall was reported in Toshima
village (3.5 km SSW) during 14-18 February, and nighttime crater
incandescence was visible during 18-21 February. The Alert Level remained
at 3 and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.



Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long, spindle-shaped island of Suwanosejima in
the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two
historically active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large
breached crater extending to the sea on the east flank that was formed by
edifice collapse. Suwanosejima, one of Japan's most frequently active
volcanoes, was in a state of intermittent strombolian activity from Otake,
the NE summit crater, that began in 1949 and lasted until 1996, after which
periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest historical eruption took
place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits blanketed residential areas,
and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast.
At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed forming a large
debris avalanche and creating the horseshoe-shaped Sakuchi caldera, which
extends to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70
years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of
the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island.



Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0QO_k2QY$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o6QGyspRE$>





Turrialba  | Costa Rica  | 10.025°N, 83.767°W  | Summit elev. 3340 m



OVSICORI-UNA reported that at 0412 on 19 February an eruption at
Turrialbaâ??s Cráter Oeste produced a small ash plume that rose 100 m above
the summit and drifted W. Minor ashfall was reported by park rangers in
Parque Nacional Volcán Irazú. An eruptive event was recorded later that day
at 1624, though weather clouds prevented visual confirmation.



Geologic Summary. Turrialba, the easternmost of Costa Rica's Holocene
volcanoes, is a large vegetated basaltic-to-dacitic stratovolcano located
across a broad saddle NE of Irazú volcano overlooking the city of Cartago.
The massive edifice covers an area of 500 km2. Three well-defined craters
occur at the upper SW end of a broad 800 x 2200 m summit depression that is
breached to the NE. Most activity originated from the summit vent complex,
but two pyroclastic cones are located on the SW flank. Five major explosive
eruptions have occurred during the past 3500 years. A series of explosive
eruptions during the 19th century were sometimes accompanied by pyroclastic
flows. Fumarolic activity continues at the central and SW summit craters.



Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad
Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0gFlwOMY$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o66fNieE0$>





Wolf  | Isla Isabela (Galapagos)  | 0.02°N, 91.35°W  | Summit elev. 1710 m



IG reported that the eruption at Wolf continued during 15-22 February.
Daily thermal alert counts, as high as around 250, indicated active and
advancing lava flows on the SE flank.



Geologic Summary. Wolf, the highest volcano of the Galápagos Islands,
straddles the equator at the north end of the archipelago's largest island,
Isabela. The 1710-m-high edifice has steeper slopes than most other Isabela
volcanoes, reaching angles up to 35 degrees. A 6 x 7 km caldera, at 700 m
one of the deepest of the Galápagos Islands, is located at the summit. A
prominent bench on the west side of the caldera rises 450 above the caldera
floor, much of which is covered by a lava flow erupted in 1982. Radial
fissures concentrated along diffuse rift zones extend down the north, NW,
and SE flanks, and submarine vents lie beyond the north and NW fissures.
Similar unvegetated flows originating from a circumferential chain of
spatter and scoria cones on the eastern caldera rim drape the forested
flanks to the sea. The proportion of aa lava flows at Volcán Wolf exceeds
that of other Galápagos volcanoes. An eruption in in 1797 was the first
documented historical eruption in the Galápagos Islands.



Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0Pb6Ed_M$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o6--i3a_c$>





Yasur  | Vanuatu  | 19.532°S, 169.447°E  | Summit elev. 361 m



The Wellington VAAC reported that on 17 and 19 February ash emissions from
Yasur were intermittently visible in webcam and satellite images rising as
high as 1.2 km (4,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting SW.



Geologic Summary. Yasur, the best-known and most frequently visited of the
Vanuatu volcanoes, has been in more-or-less continuous Strombolian and
Vulcanian activity since Captain Cook observed ash eruptions in 1774. This
style of activity may have continued for the past 800 years. Located at the
SE tip of Tanna Island, this mostly unvegetated pyroclastic cone has a
nearly circular, 400-m-wide summit crater. The active cone is largely
contained within the small Yenkahe caldera, and is the youngest of a group
of Holocene volcanic centers constructed over the down-dropped NE flank of
the Pleistocene Tukosmeru volcano. The Yenkahe horst is located within the
Siwi ring fracture, a 4-km-wide, horseshoe-shaped caldera associated with
eruption of the andesitic Siwi pyroclastic sequence. Active tectonism along
the Yenkahe horst accompanying eruptions has raised Port Resolution harbor
more than 20 m during the past century.



Source: Wellington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vaac.metservice.com/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0IwRsTX8$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vaac.metservice.com/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MOJcIEJkRmRgNghrXURarbVwSrpVM9dyC7MntFCupFODNm-2A8g_Z5o6BWyG5u4$>



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ASU - http://www.asu.edu/

PSU - https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://pdx.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0QYv6OWY$ 

GVP - https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.volcano.si.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!MKdEtlZOSv0pFZdOOl9oEhYxfPb7cDDqCBIKmPK7Zl32AWCmcL8J__F0aCoTkEM$ 

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End of Volcano Digest - 18 Feb 2022 to 23 Feb 2022 (#2022-24)
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