1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1 From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx> From: "Venzke, Ed" <VENZKEE@xxxxxx> Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 14 August-20 August 2019 Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx) URL: https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm New Activity/Unrest: Asamayama, Honshu (Japan) | Semisopochnoi, United States | Shishaldin, Fox Islands (USA) | Tangkubanparahu, Western Java (Indonesia) | Ubinas, Peru | Unnamed, Tonga Islands Ongoing Activity: Aira, Kyushu (Japan) | Asosan, Kyushu (Japan) | Dukono, Halmahera (Indonesia) | Ebeko, Paramushir Island (Russia) | Ibu, Halmahera (Indonesia) | Kadovar, Papua New Guinea | Karangetang, Siau Island (Indonesia) | Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | Klyuchevskoy, Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Merapi, Central Java (Indonesia) | Nevados de Chillan, Chile | Piton de la Fournaise, Reunion Island (France) | Poas, Costa Rica | Sabancaya, Peru | Sangeang Api, Indonesia | Sheveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia) The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. *New Activity/Unrest* *Asamayama* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=283110> | Honshu (Japan) | 36.406°N, 138.523°E | Summit elev. 2568 m JMA <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#JMA> reported that, after a small phreatic <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/phreatic_eruption.html> eruption occurred at Asamayama on 7 August, both seismic activity and sulfur dioxide emissions temporarily increased and then decreased later that day. During 8-19 August white plumes generally rose 400 m above the crater rim; occasionally they rose as high as 800 m. Sulfur dioxide emissions were 70-300 tons per day. On 19 August the Alert Level was lowered to 2 (on a scale of 1-5). Geologic Summary. Asamayama, Honshu's most active volcano, overlooks the resort town of Karuizawa, 140 km NW of Tokyo. The volcano is located at the junction of the Izu-Marianas and NE Japan volcanic arcs. The modern Maekake cone forms the summit and is situated east of the horseshoe-shaped remnant of an older andesitic volcano, Kurofuyama, which was destroyed by a late-Pleistocene landslide about 20,000 years before present (BP). Growth of a dacitic shield volcano was accompanied by pumiceous pyroclastic flows, the largest of which occurred about 14,000-11,000 BP, and by growth of the Ko-Asama-yama lava dome on the east flank. Maekake, capped by the Kamayama pyroclastic cone that forms the present summit, is probably only a few thousand years old and has an historical record dating back at least to the 11th century CE. Maekake has had several major plinian eruptions, the last two of which occurred in 1108 (Asamayama's largest Holocene eruption) and 1783 CE. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) <http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/> http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ *Semisopochnoi* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=311060> | United States | 51.93°N, 179.58°E | Summit elev. 1221 m AVO <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#AVO> reported that during 14-17 August seismicity at Semisopochnoi remained elevated and was characterized by periods of continuous tremor and discrete low-frequency earthquakes; seismic data became unavailable starting sometime on 17 August. Cloudy weather often prevented satellite views of the volcano, however some recent clear views indicated that the N cone crater had a smooth featureless area, indicating water or tephra <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/tephra.html>at an elevation several meters below the previous floor. The Volcano Alert Level <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/about_alerts.html> remained at Watch and the Aviation Color Code <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/about_alerts.html> remained at Orange. Geologic Summary. Semisopochnoi, the largest subaerial volcano of the western Aleutians, is 20 km wide at sea level and contains an 8-km-wide caldera. It formed as a result of collapse of a low-angle, dominantly basaltic volcano following the eruption of a large volume of dacitic pumice. The high point of the island is 1221-m-high Anvil Peak, a double-peaked late-Pleistocene cone that forms much of the island's northern part. The three-peaked 774-m-high Mount Cerberus volcano was constructed during the Holocene within the caldera. Each of the peaks contains a summit crater; lava flows on the northern flank of Cerberus appear younger than those on the southern side. Other post-caldera volcanoes include the symmetrical 855-m-high Sugarloaf Peak SSE of the caldera and Lakeshore Cone, a small cinder cone at the edge of Fenner Lake in the NE part of the caldera. Most documented historical eruptions have originated from Cerberus, although Coats (1950) considered that both Sugarloaf and Lakeshore Cone within the caldera could have been active during historical time. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) <https://avo.alaska.edu/> https://avo.alaska.edu/ *Shishaldin* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=311360> | Fox Islands (USA) | 54.756°N, 163.97°W | Summit elev. 2857 m AVO <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#AVO> reported that during 14-20 August continuous, low-level tremor at Shishaldin was recorded by the seismic network and elevated surface temperatures were visible in infrared satellite images. The spatter <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/spatter_cone.html> cone in the crater had grown and partially filled the summit crater. The Aviation Color Code <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/about_alerts.html> remained at Orange and the Volcano Alert Level <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/about_alerts.html> remained at Watch. Geologic Summary. The beautifully symmetrical volcano of Shishaldin is the highest and one of the most active volcanoes of the Aleutian Islands. The 2857-m-high, glacier-covered volcano is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes along an E-W line in the eastern half of Unimak Island. The Aleuts named the volcano Sisquk, meaning "mountain which points the way when I am lost." A steady steam plume rises from its small summit crater. Constructed atop an older glacially dissected volcano, it is Holocene in age and largely basaltic in composition. Remnants of an older ancestral volcano are exposed on the west and NE sides at 1500-1800 m elevation. There are over two dozen pyroclastic cones on its NW flank, which is blanketed by massive aa lava flows. Frequent explosive activity, primarily consisting of strombolian ash eruptions from the small summit crater, but sometimes producing lava flows, has been recorded since the 18th century. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) <https://avo.alaska.edu/> https://avo.alaska.edu/ *Tangkubanparahu* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=263090> | Western Java (Indonesia) | 6.77°S, 107.6°E | Summit elev. 2084 m PVMBG reported that during 12-18 August phreatic <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/phreatic_eruption.html> events at Tangkubanparahu's Ratu Crater continued to produce sometimes dense gray-to-white plumes that rose as high as 200 m above the vent, and dense black ash <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/ash_volcanic.html>plumes that rose as high as 100 m. The emissions were accompanied by roaring. Ashfall was localized around Ratu Crater. The seismic network recorded continuous tremor. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 1.5 km away from the active crater. Geologic Summary. Tangkubanparahu (also known as Tangkuban Perahu) is a broad shield-like stratovolcano overlooking Indonesia's former capital city of Bandung. The volcano was constructed within the 6 x 8 km Pleistocene Sunda caldera, which formed about 190,000 years ago. The volcano's low profile is the subject of legends referring to the mountain of the "upturned boat." The rim of Sunda caldera forms a prominent ridge on the western side; elsewhere the caldera rim is largely buried by deposits of Tangkubanparahu volcano. The dominantly small phreatic historical eruptions recorded since the 19th century have originated from several nested craters within an elliptical 1 x 1.5 km summit depression. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) <http://vsi.esdm.go.id/> http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ *Ubinas* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=354020> | Peru | 16.355°S, 70.903°W | Summit elev. 5672 m IGP reported that during 13-19 August blue-colored gas plumes from Ubinas rose to heights of less than 1.5 km above the base of the crater. Seven thermal anomalies were recorded by the MIROVA system. The number of seismic events was 1,716 (all under M <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#M> 2.4), a decrease in the total number recorded during the previous week. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) and the public were warned to stay outside of a 15-km radius. Geologic Summary. A small, 1.4-km-wide caldera cuts the top of Ubinas, Peru's most active volcano, giving it a truncated appearance. It is the northernmost of three young volcanoes located along a regional structural lineament about 50 km behind the main volcanic front of Perú. The growth and destruction of Ubinas I was followed by construction of Ubinas II beginning in the mid-Pleistocene. The upper slopes of the andesitic-to-rhyolitic Ubinas II stratovolcano are composed primarily of andesitic and trachyandesitic lava flows and steepen to nearly 45 degrees. The steep-walled, 150-m-deep summit caldera contains an ash cone with a 500-m-wide funnel-shaped vent that is 200 m deep. Debris-avalanche deposits from the collapse of the SE flank about 3700 years ago extend 10 km from the volcano. Widespread plinian pumice-fall deposits include one of Holocene age about 1000 years ago. Holocene lava flows are visible on the flanks, but historical activity, documented since the 16th century, has consisted of intermittent minor-to-moderate explosive eruptions. Source: Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) <http://www.igp.gob.pe/> http://www.igp.gob.pe/ *Unnamed* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=243091> | Tonga Islands | 18.325°S, 174.365°W | Summit elev. -40 m A submarine eruption in early August from an unnamed seamount about 50 km NW of Vavaâ??u in Tonga created extensive areas of pumice <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/pumice.html> rafts. Sailing crews encountered the pumice starting on 9 August about 40 km NNW of Late Island. Rachel Mackie described a pronounced odor of sulfur, and eventually being surrounded as far as she could see, with the surface pumice layer being 30 cm deep and containing pieces up to 80 cm in diameter. Sentinel-2 satellite imagery from 11 August showed the raft, averaging about 2.5 km across but strung out for 35 km NE-SW, located 70 km WNW of Late Island; another band of scattered rafts extended directly back from the main mass towards Late for 50 km. The raft continued drifting, and was at least another 60 km SW from its previous location as of 16 August. Eruptive activity at this location was previously reported in September-October 2001. Geologic Summary. A submarine volcano along the Tofua volcanic arc was first observed in September 2001. The newly discovered volcano lies NW of the island of Vava'u about 35 km S of Fonualei and 60 km NE of Late volcano. The site of the eruption is along a NNE-SSW-trending submarine plateau with an approximate bathymetric depth of 300 m. T-phase waves were recorded on 27-28 September 2001, and on the 27th local fishermen observed an ash-rich eruption column that rose above the sea surface. No eruptive activity was reported after the 28th, but water discoloration was documented during the following month. In early November rafts and strandings of dacitic pumice were reported along the coast of Kadavu and Viti Levu in the Fiji Islands. The depth of the summit of the submarine cone following the eruption determined to be 40 m during a 2007 survey; the crater of the 2001 eruption was breached to the E. Sources: Martin Jutzeler <https://www.utas.edu.au/profiles/staff/codes/martin-jutzeler> https://www.utas.edu.au/profiles/staff/codes/martin-jutzeler; Sentinel Hub <https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground> https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground; Rachel Mackie <http://www.oliveocean.com/> http://www.oliveocean.com/ *Ongoing Activity* *Aira* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=282080> | Kyushu (Japan) | 31.593°N, 130.657°E | Summit elev. 1117 m JMA <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#JMA> reported that during 13-16 August crater incandescence at Minamidake crater (at Aira Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) was occasionally visible in webcams at night. A small eruptive event was recorded on 18 August. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale). Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the Aira caldera, along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim of Aira caldera and built an island that was finally joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit cone ended about 4850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minamidake. Frequent historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century, have deposited ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical eruption took place during 1471-76. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) <http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/> http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ *Asosan* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=282110> | Kyushu (Japan) | 32.884°N, 131.104°E | Summit elev. 1592 m JMA <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#JMA> reported that increased eruptive activity at Asosan that began on 28 July paused at 1110 on 16 August. An eruptive event was recorded at 1627 on 18 August; elevated eruptive activity continued at least through 19 August. The Tokyo VAAC <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#VAAC> reported that the eruptive event on 18 August produced an ash <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/ash_volcanic.html> plume that rose to 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#asl> Ash plumes rose to 1.5-2.1 km (5,000-7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N and NW during 19-20 August. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-5). Geologic Summary. The 24-km-wide Asosan caldera was formed during four major explosive eruptions from 300,000 to 90,000 years ago. These produced voluminous pyroclastic flows that covered much of Kyushu. The last of these, the Aso-4 eruption, produced more than 600 km3 of airfall tephra and pyroclastic-flow deposits. A group of 17 central cones was constructed in the middle of the caldera, one of which, Nakadake, is one of Japan's most active volcanoes. It was the location of Japan's first documented historical eruption in 553 CE. The Nakadake complex has remained active throughout the Holocene. Several other cones have been active during the Holocene, including the Kometsuka scoria cone as recently as about 210 CE. Historical eruptions have largely consisted of basaltic to basaltic-andesite ash emission with periodic strombolian and phreatomagmatic activity. The summit crater of Nakadake is accessible by toll road and cable car, and is one of Kyushu's most popular tourist destinations. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) <http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/> http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ *Dukono* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=268010> | Halmahera (Indonesia) | 1.693°N, 127.894°E | Summit elev. 1229 m Based on satellite and wind model data, and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#VAAC> reported that during 14-20 August ash <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/ash_volcanic.html> plumes from Dukono rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.1 km (6,000-7,000 ft) a.s.l. <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#asl> and drifted NW, N, NE, and E. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 2-km exclusion zone. Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, occurred from 1933 until at least the mid-1990s, when routine observations were curtailed. During a major eruption in 1550, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the north-flank cone of Gunung Mamuya. This complex volcano presents a broad, low profile with multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been active during historical time. Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) <http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml> http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml; Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) <http://vsi.esdm.go.id/> http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ *Ebeko* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=290380> | Paramushir Island (Russia) | 50.686°N, 156.014°E | Summit elev. 1103 m Volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island), about 7 km E of Ebeko, observed explosions during 10-16 August that sent ash <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/ash_volcanic.html> plumes up to 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#asl> and drifted SE. A thermal anomaly was identified in satellite images on 10 and 12 August. The Aviation Color Code <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/about_alerts.html> remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The flat-topped summit of the central cone of Ebeko volcano, one of the most active in the Kuril Islands, occupies the northern end of Paramushir Island. Three summit craters located along a SSW-NNE line form Ebeko volcano proper, at the northern end of a complex of five volcanic cones. Blocky lava flows extend west from Ebeko and SE from the neighboring Nezametnyi cone. The eastern part of the southern crater contains strong solfataras and a large boiling spring. The central crater is filled by a lake about 20 m deep whose shores are lined with steaming solfataras; the northern crater lies across a narrow, low barrier from the central crater and contains a small, cold crescentic lake. Historical activity, recorded since the late-18th century, has been restricted to small-to-moderate explosive eruptions from the summit craters. Intense fumarolic activity occurs in the summit craters, on the outer flanks of the cone, and in lateral explosion craters. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) <http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php> http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php *Ibu* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=268030> | Halmahera (Indonesia) | 1.488°N, 127.63°E | Summit elev. 1325 m PVMBG reported that at 1107 on 14 August an ash <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/ash_volcanic.html> plume from Ibu rose at least 800 m above the summit and drifted N. Seismicity was characterized by an explosion signal and earthquakes indicating rock avalanches. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay at least 2 km away from the active crater, and 3.5 km away on the N side. Geologic Summary. The truncated summit of Gunung Ibu stratovolcano along the NW coast of Halmahera Island has large nested summit craters. The inner crater, 1 km wide and 400 m deep, contained several small crater lakes through much of historical time. The outer crater, 1.2 km wide, is breached on the north side, creating a steep-walled valley. A large parasitic cone is located ENE of the summit. A smaller one to the WSW has fed a lava flow down the W flank. A group of maars is located below the N and W flanks. Only a few eruptions have been recorded in historical time, the first a small explosive eruption from the summit crater in 1911. An eruption producing a lava dome that eventually covered much of the floor of the inner summit crater began in December 1998. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) <http://vsi.esdm.go.id/> http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ *Kadovar* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=251002> | Papua New Guinea | 3.608°S, 144.588°E | Summit elev. 365 m Based on satellite data and wind model data, the Darwin VAAC <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#VAAC> reported that on 19 August an ash <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/ash_volcanic.html> plume from Kadovar rose to an altitude of 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#asl> and drifted NW. Geologic Summary. The 2-km-wide island of Kadovar is the emergent summit of a Bismarck Sea stratovolcano of Holocene age. Kadovar is part of the Schouten Islands, and lies off the coast of New Guinea, about 25 km N of the mouth of the Sepik River. The village of Gewai is perched on the crater rim. A 365-m-high lava dome forming the high point of the andesitic volcano fills an arcuate landslide scarp that is open to the south, and submarine debris-avalanche deposits occur in that direction. Thick lava flows with columnar jointing forms low cliffs along the coast. The youthful island lacks fringing or offshore reefs. No certain historical eruptions are known; the latest activity was a period of heightened thermal phenomena in 1976. Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) <http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml> http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml *Karangetang* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=267020> | Siau Island (Indonesia) | 2.781°N, 125.407°E | Summit elev. 1797 m PVMBG reported that during 12-18 August lava <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/lava.html> continued to effuse from Karangetangâ??s Main and Dua craters. Avalanches of material traveled 1-1.5 km SW down the Nanitu and Pangi drainages, as far as 1.4 km down a drainage W of Pangi, and as far as 1.8 km down the Sense drainage. Sometimes dense white plumes rose to 500 m above the summit. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4). Geologic Summary. Karangetang (Api Siau) volcano lies at the northern end of the island of Siau, about 125 km NNE of the NE-most point of Sulawesi island. The stratovolcano contains five summit craters along a N-S line. It is one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, with more than 40 eruptions recorded since 1675 and many additional small eruptions that were not documented in the historical record (Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World: Neumann van Padang, 1951). Twentieth-century eruptions have included frequent explosive activity sometimes accompanied by pyroclastic flows and lahars. Lava dome growth has occurred in the summit craters; collapse of lava flow fronts have produced pyroclastic flows. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) <http://vsi.esdm.go.id/> http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ *Karymsky* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=300130> | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 54.049°N, 159.443°E | Summit elev. 1513 m KVERT <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#KVERT> reported that a thermal anomaly over Karymsky was visible in satellite images during 11-12 and 15 August. Volcanologists doing fieldwork on 14 August observed explosions and ash <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/ash_volcanic.html> plumes that rose to 5 km (16,400 ft) a.s.l. <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#asl> Satellite images showed ash plumes drifting S and SE that same day. The Aviation Color Code <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/about_alerts.html> remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700 radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) <http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php> http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php *Klyuchevskoy* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=300260> | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | 56.056°N, 160.642°E | Summit elev. 4754 m KVERT <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#KVERT> reported that a weak thermal anomaly over Klyuchevskoy was visible in satellite images during 13-14 August. The Aviation Color Code <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/about_alerts.html> remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Klyuchevskoy (also spelled Kliuchevskoi) is Kamchatka's highest and most active volcano. Since its origin about 6000 years ago, the beautifully symmetrical, 4835-m-high basaltic stratovolcano has produced frequent moderate-volume explosive and effusive eruptions without major periods of inactivity. It rises above a saddle NE of sharp-peaked Kamen volcano and lies SE of the broad Ushkovsky massif. More than 100 flank eruptions have occurred during the past roughly 3000 years, with most lateral craters and cones occurring along radial fissures between the unconfined NE-to-SE flanks of the conical volcano between 500 m and 3600 m elevation. The morphology of the 700-m-wide summit crater has been frequently modified by historical eruptions, which have been recorded since the late-17th century. Historical eruptions have originated primarily from the summit crater, but have also included numerous major explosive and effusive eruptions from flank craters. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) <http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php> http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php *Merapi* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=263250> | Central Java (Indonesia) | 7.54°S, 110.446°E | Summit elev. 2910 m PVMBG reported that during 12-18 August the lava-dome <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/dome.html> volume at Merapi did not change and was an estimated 461,000 cubic meters, based on analyses of drone images. Extruded lava <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/lava.html> fell into the upper parts of the SE flank, generating a total of two block-and-ash flows that traveled as far as 950 m down the Gendol drainage on 13 and 14 August. Diffuse white plumes rose as high as 100 m above the summit on some days. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and residents were warned to stay outside of the 3-km exclusion zone. Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse perhaps about 2000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequently growth of the steep-sided Young Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent eruptive activity, began SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused many fatalities during historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) <http://vsi.esdm.go.id/> http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ *Nevados de Chillan* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=357070> | Chile | 36.868°S, 71.378°W | Summit elev. 3180 m ONEMI <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#ONEMI> and SERNAGEOMIN <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#SERNAGEOMIN> reported multiple explosions at Nevados de Chillánâ??s Nicanor Crater during 14-20 August, each associated with long-period earthquakes. Two explosions on 14 August, at 0000 and 0029, produced gas emissions and ejected incandescent material onto the flanks. An explosion at 1200 on 16 August produced a grayish ash <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/ash_volcanic.html> plume that rose 110 m. Another explosion was detected at 1625 on 17 August. A grayish gas plume from an explosion at 1343 on 18 August rose 400 m, and an explosion at 1938 on 20 August ejected incandescent material onto the flanks. The Alert Level remained at Orange, the second highest level on a four-color scale. ONEMI maintained an Alert Level Yellow (the middle level on a three-color scale) for the communities of Pinto, Coihueco, and San Fabián, and stated that the public should stay at least 3 km away from the crater on the SW flank and 5 km away on the ENE flank. Geologic Summary. The compound volcano of Nevados de Chillán is one of the most active of the Central Andes. Three late-Pleistocene to Holocene stratovolcanoes were constructed along a NNW-SSE line within three nested Pleistocene calderas, which produced ignimbrite sheets extending more than 100 km into the Central Depression of Chile. The largest stratovolcano, dominantly andesitic, Cerro Blanco (Volcán Nevado), is located at the NW end of the group. Volcán Viejo (Volcán Chillán), which was the main active vent during the 17th-19th centuries, occupies the SE end. The new Volcán Nuevo lava-dome complex formed between 1906 and 1945 between the two volcanoes and grew to exceed Volcán Viejo in elevation. The Volcán Arrau dome complex was constructed SE of Volcán Nuevo between 1973 and 1986 and eventually exceeded its height. Sources: Oficina Nacional de Emergencia-Ministerio del Interior (ONEMI) <http://www.onemi.cl/> http://www.onemi.cl/; Servicio Nacional de GeologÃa y MinerÃa (SERNAGEOMIN) <http://www.sernageomin.cl/> http://www.sernageomin.cl/ *Piton de la Fournaise* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=233020> | Reunion Island (France) | 21.244°S, 55.708°E | Summit elev. 2632 m OVPF reported that the eruption at Piton de la Fournaise that began on the E part of lâ??Enclos Fouqué at 1620 on 11 August paused for about four hours beginning around 0420 on 15 August; tremor and deep earthquakes indicating magma <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/magma.html> movement continued to be detected. Lava <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/lava.html> fountaining resumed at 0830 at two vents residing along the second fissure <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/fissure.html> at 1,500 m elevation, producing flows that did not extend beyond 500 m in length. The lava-flow front from the main flow did not advance past 600-650 elevation. Activity ceased around 2200 on 15 August. Geologic Summary. The massive Piton de la Fournaise basaltic shield volcano on the French island of Réunion in the western Indian Ocean is one of the world's most active volcanoes. Much of its more than 530,000-year history overlapped with eruptions of the deeply dissected Piton des Neiges shield volcano to the NW. Three calderas formed at about 250,000, 65,000, and less than 5000 years ago by progressive eastward slumping of the volcano. Numerous pyroclastic cones dot the floor of the calderas and their outer flanks. Most historical eruptions have originated from the summit and flanks of Dolomieu, a 400-m-high lava shield that has grown within the youngest caldera, which is 8 km wide and breached to below sea level on the eastern side. More than 150 eruptions, most of which have produced fluid basaltic lava flows, have occurred since the 17th century. Only six eruptions, in 1708, 1774, 1776, 1800, 1977, and 1986, have originated from fissures on the outer flanks of the caldera. The Piton de la Fournaise Volcano Observatory, one of several operated by the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, monitors this very active volcano. Source: Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise (OVPF) <http://www.ipgp.fr/> http://www.ipgp.fr/ *Poas* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=345040> | Costa Rica | 10.2°N, 84.233°W | Summit elev. 2708 m OVSICORI-UNA <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#OVSICORI-UNA> reported that an eruptive event from vent <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/vent.html> A (Boca Roja) at Poás generated a 1-km-high plume of steam, gas, and fine particulates at 0650 on 17 August. The event was preceded by an increase in tremor amplitude starting at 0500 that same day. Geologic Summary. The broad, well-vegetated edifice of Poás, one of the most active volcanoes of Costa Rica, contains three craters along a N-S line. The frequently visited multi-hued summit crater lakes of the basaltic-to-dacitic volcano, which is one of Costa Rica's most prominent natural landmarks, are easily accessible by vehicle from the nearby capital city of San José. A N-S-trending fissure cutting the 2708-m-high complex stratovolcano extends to the lower northern flank, where it has produced the Congo stratovolcano and several lake-filled maars. The southernmost of the two summit crater lakes, Botos, is cold and clear and last erupted about 7500 years ago. The more prominent geothermally heated northern lake, Laguna Caliente, is one of the world's most acidic natural lakes, with a pH of near zero. It has been the site of frequent phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions since the first historical eruption was reported in 1828. Eruptions often include geyser-like ejections of crater-lake water. Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) <http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/> http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/ *Sabancaya* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=354006> | Peru | 15.787°S, 71.857°W | Summit elev. 5960 m Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) reported that an average of 25 low-to-medium intensity explosions per day occurred at Sabancaya during 12-18 August. Gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 3 km above the summit and drifted SE, S, and SW. There were eight thermal anomalies identified in satellite data. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) and the public were warned to stay outside of a 12-km radius. Geologic Summary. Sabancaya, located in the saddle NE of Ampato and SE of Hualca Hualca volcanoes, is the youngest of these volcanic centers and the only one to have erupted in historical time. The oldest of the three, Nevado Hualca Hualca, is of probable late-Pliocene to early Pleistocene age. The name Sabancaya (meaning "tongue of fire" in the Quechua language) first appeared in records in 1595 CE, suggesting activity prior to that date. Holocene activity has consisted of Plinian eruptions followed by emission of voluminous andesitic and dacitic lava flows, which form an extensive apron around the volcano on all sides but the south. Records of historical eruptions date back to 1750. Source: Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) <http://www.igp.gob.pe/> http://www.igp.gob.pe/ *Sangeang Api* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=264050> | Indonesia | 8.2°S, 119.07°E | Summit elev. 1949 m The Darwin VAAC <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#VAAC> reported that during 14-20 August intermittent ash <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/ash_volcanic.html> plumes from Sangeang Api were identified in satellite images rising to 2.4-3 km (8,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#asl> and quickly dissipating to the N, NW, W, and SW. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4). Geologic Summary. Sangeang Api volcano, one of the most active in the Lesser Sunda Islands, forms a small 13-km-wide island off the NE coast of Sumbawa Island. Two large trachybasaltic-to-tranchyandesitic volcanic cones, 1949-m-high Doro Api and 1795-m-high Doro Mantoi, were constructed in the center and on the eastern rim, respectively, of an older, largely obscured caldera. Flank vents occur on the south side of Doro Mantoi and near the northern coast. Intermittent historical eruptions have been recorded since 1512, most of them during in the 20th century. Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) <http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml> http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml *Sheveluch* <https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=300270> | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | 56.653°N, 161.36°E | Summit elev. 3283 m KVERT <http://nmnh-web04.us.sinet.si.edu:8022/reports_weekly.cfm?tab=5#KVERT> reported that a thermal anomaly over Sheveluchâ??s lava dome <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/dome.html> was identified daily in satellite images during 9-16 August. The Aviation Color Code <https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/about_alerts.html> remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1300 km3 volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes dot its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large horseshoe-shaped caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. At least 60 large eruptions have occurred during the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) <http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php> http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php 1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1 ============================================================== Volcano Listserv is a collaborative venture among Arizona State University (ASU), Portland State University (PSU), the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, and the International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). 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