Surveying Ice and Fire: The First Map of All of Iceland's Glaciers and Subglacier Volcanic Calderas Released plus 1 more

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Surveying Ice and Fire: The First Map of All of Iceland's Glaciers and Subglacier Volcanic Calderas Released plus 1 more

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Surveying Ice and Fire: The First Map of All of Iceland's Glaciers and Subglacier Volcanic Calderas Released

Posted: 19 Sep 2013 07:00 AM PDT

For the first time, all of Iceland’s glaciers are shown on a single map, produced by the Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO), in collaboration with the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Iceland Geosurvey.  The map is the first to incorporate historical data and coverage from aerial photographs and remote sensing satellites, such as Landsat and SPOT, to show the change in the areal extent of glaciers during the past century.

Iceland has about 300 glaciers throughout the country, and altogether, 269 glaciers, outlet glaciers and internal ice caps are named. The glaciers that lack names are small and largely newly revealed, exposed by melting of snow pack due to warmer summer temperatures.  The number of identified glaciers has nearly doubled at the beginning of the 21^st century.

"Iceland‘s glaciers have also been revealed to be quite dynamic during the past century," said Oddur Sigurðsson, the senior author of the new map and a glaciologist with the IMO. "At the maximum of the Little Ice Age (about 1890 in Iceland), it's glaciers reached their greatest areal extent before receding to their present-day positions, interrupted with a few cooler periods during this century-long recession.  Iceland's glaciers continue their retreat and lose volume; its ice caps are losing an average of 1 m of ice each year from their surfaces."

Subglacier volcanic calderas and their locations with respect to the glaciers are an important feature of the new map.  Many of Iceland‘s glaciers lie over active volcanoes, including Eyjafjallajökull, the now well-known volcano an eruption from which in 2010 disrupted air travel between North America and Europe and within Europe.

Knowing which volcanic calderas lie beneath glaciers and their history of volcanic activity is important for disaster preparation and mitigation.  When a volcano erupts beneath a glacier, it often results in the unleashing of very large volume floods known by scientists as a jökulhlaup ("Glacier-outburst flood"). 

This volcano-glaciological hazard is well known to Icelanders.  The largest jökluhlaups occur when the Katla volcano under the Mýrdalsjökull ice cap (just to the east of Eyjafjallajökull; see graphic, an excerpt from the map) erupts, resulting in a flood that exceeds the normal flow of the Amazon River, Earth's largest river in terms of volume of water!

Richie Williams, emeritus senior research geologist with the USGS and collaborator on the map notes that, "The more than 40 years of scientific research in Iceland by USGS scientists, in collaboration with numerous Icelandic scientists and institutions, has produced many important scientific publications in volcanology, geothermal activity, volcanic geomorphology, glaciology, and geologic hazards."

Surge-type glaciers also make their debut on this cartographically unique map.  Surge-type glaciers are those that, for reasons not completely understood scientifically, suddenly move forward, advancing several hundred meters or even several kilometers in a few months. 

Brúarjökull, a surge-type glacier on the northern margin of Vatnajökull, Iceland's largest ice cap, surged forward 8 km in 1963/1964.  Eyjabakkajökull, a surge-type glacier just to the east of Brúarjökull, surged about 2 km in 1972/1973, a change that was captured on the first Landsat images acquired of a surging glacier.

The map of Iceland's glaciers is the result of many decades of research and data collection from all across Iceland, the area of which is about the same as the Commonwealth of Virginia. Maps compiled by the Danish Geodetic Survey in the first third of the 20th century, aerial mapping missions for the U.S. Army Map Service at the end of World War II, satellite images from Landsat and SPOT during a period of four decades, all contributed to the map´s compilation.

The USGS and many Icelandic scientific institutions, including the Icelandic Meteorological Office, have a more than 40-year history of cooperative research, including a long-standing Memorandum of Understanding for research on a wide variety of subjects, including glaciers, volcanoes, tectonics, and geothermal energy. Iceland is the world leader in geothermal exploration and technology, a major source of "green" energy.

The map is entitled "Map of the Glaciers of Iceland" ("Jöklakort af Íslandi" in Icelandic); the map Legend is in both Icelandic and English and is available from the Icelandic Meteorological Office or Iðnú ehf.  More information on glacier research in the USGS can be found online. 

Measuring Landscape Disturbance of Gas Exploration in Four Pennsylvania Counties

Posted: 18 Sep 2013 09:06 AM PDT

Landscape change in Pennsylvania's Beaver, Butler, Lackawanna and Wayne counties resulting from construction of well pads, new roads and pipelines for natural gas and coalbed methane exploration is being documented to help determine the potential consequences for ecosystems and wildlife, according to two new U.S. Geological Survey reports.

Using geospatial data and high resolution aerial imagery from 2004-2010, USGS researchers documented spatially explicit patterns of disturbance, or land use, related to natural gas resource development, particularly disturbance patterns related to impoundments associated with hydraulic fracturing, well pads, roads and pipeline construction.

The study found that in Beaver County, two natural gas extraction sites resulted 5.5 hectares (13 acres) of disturbance, including 1.3 kilometers (.80 miles) of new roads. Disturbance in Beaver County is minimal and is narrowly distributed in the northeast corner of the county. This disturbance is attributable to Marcellus and non-Marcellus development.

In Butler County, 109 natural gas extraction sites resulted in more than 131.4 hectares of disturbance, including more than 20.8 kilometers (12.9 miles) of new roads. Disturbance in Butler County is concentrated in the lower two-thirds of the county. This disturbance is almost evenly related to Marcellus and non-Marcellus natural gas extraction.

Analysis of Lackawanna County data shows that the one Marcellus site developed between 2004 and 2010 resulted in five hectares of disturbance, including 0.5 kilometers (0.3 miles) of new roads.  Wayne County has five developed sites, with 16.2 hectares of disturbance, and 2.2 kilometers (1.37 miles) of new roads.  Neither Lackawanna nor Wayne counties were the location of substantial natural gas development.

Spatially explicit data on the level of landscape disturbance -- which is geographic information systems data, mapped to a high degree of spatial accuracy -- is critically important to the long-term study of the potential impacts of natural gas development on human and ecological health.

Through programs such as the National Land Cover Database, and Land Cover Trends, USGS has a long record of studying the consequences of land-use and land-cover changes. The current level of natural gas development in much of the country, and its effects on the landscape, is an important contemporary land-use/land-cover issue.

"Landscape disturbance can have a major impact on ecological resources and the services they provide.  This study examines the extent and pattern of the footprint of natural gas development on the landscape and provides a quantitative analysis of its relationship to the surrounding land cover," said Lesley Milheim, coauthor of the two studies.

Data from this report will be used to assess the effects of disturbance and land-cover change on wildlife, water quality, invasive species and socioeconomic impacts, among other investigations.

The studies, "Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Beaver and Butler Counties, Pennsylvania, 2004-2010," by, C.M. Roiga-Silva, E.T. Slonecker, L.E. Milheim, and A.R. Malizia, Open File Report 2013-1226; and  "Landscape Consequences of Natural Gas Extraction in Lackawanna and Wayne Counties, Pennsylvania, 2004-2010," by L.E. Milheim, E.T. Slonecker, C.M. Roig-Silva, and A.R. Malizia Open-File Report 2013-1227, are part of the series relating to natural gas landscape disturbance and they are available online.