From: Shaohua Li <shli@xxxxxxxxxx>
commit 579f82901f6f41256642936d7e632f3979ad76d4 upstream.
This is a patch to improve swap readahead algorithm. It's from Hugh and
I slightly changed it.
Hugh's original changelog:
swapin readahead does a blind readahead, whether or not the swapin is
sequential. This may be ok on harddisk, because large reads have
relatively small costs, and if the readahead pages are unneeded they can
be reclaimed easily - though, what if their allocation forced reclaim of
useful pages? But on SSD devices large reads are more expensive than
small ones: if the readahead pages are unneeded, reading them in caused
significant overhead.
This patch adds very simplistic random read detection. Stealing the
PageReadahead technique from Konstantin Khlebnikov's patch, avoiding the
vma/anon_vma sophistications of Shaohua Li's patch, swapin_nr_pages()
simply looks at readahead's current success rate, and narrows or widens
its readahead window accordingly. There is little science to its
heuristic: it's about as stupid as can be whilst remaining effective.
The table below shows elapsed times (in centiseconds) when running a
single repetitive swapping load across a 1000MB mapping in 900MB ram
with 1GB swap (the harddisk tests had taken painfully too long when I
used mem=500M, but SSD shows similar results for that).
Vanilla is the 3.6-rc7 kernel on which I started; Shaohua denotes his
Sep 3 patch in mmotm and linux-next; HughOld denotes my Oct 1 patch
which Shaohua showed to be defective; HughNew this Nov 14 patch, with
page_cluster as usual at default of 3 (8-page reads); HughPC4 this same
patch with page_cluster 4 (16-page reads); HughPC0 with page_cluster 0
(1-page reads: no readahead).
HDD for swapping to harddisk, SSD for swapping to VertexII SSD. Seq for
sequential access to the mapping, cycling five times around; Rand for
the same number of random touches. Anon for a MAP_PRIVATE anon mapping;
Shmem for a MAP_SHARED anon mapping, equivalent to tmpfs.
One weakness of Shaohua's vma/anon_vma approach was that it did not
optimize Shmem: seen below. Konstantin's approach was perhaps mistuned,
50% slower on Seq: did not compete and is not shown below.
HDD Vanilla Shaohua HughOld HughNew HughPC4 HughPC0
Seq Anon 73921 76210 75611 76904 78191 121542
Seq Shmem 73601 73176 73855 72947 74543 118322
Rand Anon 895392 831243 871569 845197 846496 841680
Rand Shmem 1058375 1053486 827935 764955 764376 756489
SSD Vanilla Shaohua HughOld HughNew HughPC4 HughPC0
Seq Anon 24634 24198 24673 25107 21614 70018
Seq Shmem 24959 24932 25052 25703 22030 69678
Rand Anon 43014 26146 28075 25989 26935 25901
Rand Shmem 45349 45215 28249 24268 24138 24332
These tests are, of course, two extremes of a very simple case: under
heavier mixed loads I've not yet observed any consistent improvement or
degradation, and wider testing would be welcome.
Shaohua Li:
Test shows Vanilla is slightly better in sequential workload than Hugh's
patch. I observed with Hugh's patch sometimes the readahead size is
shrinked too fast (from 8 to 1 immediately) in sequential workload if
there is no hit. And in such case, continuing doing readahead is good
actually.
I don't prepare a sophisticated algorithm for the sequential workload
because so far we can't guarantee sequential accessed pages are swap out
sequentially. So I slightly change Hugh's heuristic - don't shrink
readahead size too fast.
Here is my test result (unit second, 3 runs average):
Vanilla Hugh New
Seq 356 370 360
Random 4525 2447 2444
Attached graph is the swapin/swapout throughput I collected with 'vmstat
2'. The first part is running a random workload (till around 1200 of
the x-axis) and the second part is running a sequential workload.
swapin and swapout throughput are almost identical in steady state in
both workloads. These are expected behavior. while in Vanilla, swapin
is much bigger than swapout especially in random workload (because wrong
readahead).
Original patches by: Shaohua Li and Konstantin Khlebnikov.
[fengguang.wu@xxxxxxxxx: swapin_nr_pages() can be static]
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@xxxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shli@xxxxxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@xxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@xxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@xxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@xxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@xxxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@xxxxxxx>
---
include/linux/page-flags.h | 4 +--
mm/swap_state.c | 63 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
2 files changed, 62 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
diff --git a/include/linux/page-flags.h b/include/linux/page-flags.h
index dd7d45b..67fc8a2 100644
--- a/include/linux/page-flags.h
+++ b/include/linux/page-flags.h
@@ -228,9 +228,9 @@ PAGEFLAG(OwnerPriv1, owner_priv_1) TESTCLEARFLAG(OwnerPriv1, owner_priv_1)
TESTPAGEFLAG(Writeback, writeback) TESTSCFLAG(Writeback, writeback)
PAGEFLAG(MappedToDisk, mappedtodisk)
-/* PG_readahead is only used for file reads; PG_reclaim is only for writes */
+/* PG_readahead is only used for reads; PG_reclaim is only for writes */
PAGEFLAG(Reclaim, reclaim) TESTCLEARFLAG(Reclaim, reclaim)
-PAGEFLAG(Readahead, reclaim) /* Reminder to do async read-ahead */
+PAGEFLAG(Readahead, reclaim) TESTCLEARFLAG(Readahead, reclaim)
#ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
/*
diff --git a/mm/swap_state.c b/mm/swap_state.c
index e6f15f8..fdde6f9 100644
--- a/mm/swap_state.c
+++ b/mm/swap_state.c
@@ -63,6 +63,8 @@ unsigned long total_swapcache_pages(void)
return ret;
}
+static atomic_t swapin_readahead_hits = ATOMIC_INIT(4);
+
void show_swap_cache_info(void)
{
printk("%lu pages in swap cache\n", total_swapcache_pages());
@@ -286,8 +288,11 @@ struct page * lookup_swap_cache(swp_entry_t entry)
page = find_get_page(swap_address_space(entry), entry.val);
- if (page)
+ if (page) {
INC_CACHE_INFO(find_success);
+ if (TestClearPageReadahead(page))
+ atomic_inc(&swapin_readahead_hits);
+ }
INC_CACHE_INFO(find_total);
return page;
@@ -389,6 +394,50 @@ struct page *read_swap_cache_async(swp_entry_t entry, gfp_t gfp_mask,
return found_page;
}
+static unsigned long swapin_nr_pages(unsigned long offset)
+{
+ static unsigned long prev_offset;
+ unsigned int pages, max_pages, last_ra;
+ static atomic_t last_readahead_pages;
+
+ max_pages = 1 << ACCESS_ONCE(page_cluster);
+ if (max_pages <= 1)
+ return 1;
+
+ /*
+ * This heuristic has been found to work well on both sequential and
+ * random loads, swapping to hard disk or to SSD: please don't ask
+ * what the "+ 2" means, it just happens to work well, that's all.
+ */
+ pages = atomic_xchg(&swapin_readahead_hits, 0) + 2;
+ if (pages == 2) {
+ /*
+ * We can have no readahead hits to judge by: but must not get
+ * stuck here forever, so check for an adjacent offset instead
+ * (and don't even bother to check whether swap type is same).
+ */
+ if (offset != prev_offset + 1 && offset != prev_offset - 1)
+ pages = 1;
+ prev_offset = offset;
+ } else {
+ unsigned int roundup = 4;
+ while (roundup < pages)
+ roundup <<= 1;
+ pages = roundup;
+ }
+
+ if (pages > max_pages)
+ pages = max_pages;
+
+ /* Don't shrink readahead too fast */
+ last_ra = atomic_read(&last_readahead_pages) / 2;
+ if (pages < last_ra)
+ pages = last_ra;
+ atomic_set(&last_readahead_pages, pages);
+
+ return pages;
+}
+
/**
* swapin_readahead - swap in pages in hope we need them soon
* @entry: swap entry of this memory
@@ -412,11 +461,16 @@ struct page *swapin_readahead(swp_entry_t entry, gfp_t gfp_mask,
struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr)
{
struct page *page;
- unsigned long offset = swp_offset(entry);
+ unsigned long entry_offset = swp_offset(entry);
+ unsigned long offset = entry_offset;
unsigned long start_offset, end_offset;
- unsigned long mask = (1UL << page_cluster) - 1;
+ unsigned long mask;
struct blk_plug plug;
+ mask = swapin_nr_pages(offset) - 1;
+ if (!mask)
+ goto skip;
+
/* Read a page_cluster sized and aligned cluster around offset. */
start_offset = offset & ~mask;
end_offset = offset | mask;
@@ -430,10 +484,13 @@ struct page *swapin_readahead(swp_entry_t entry, gfp_t gfp_mask,
gfp_mask, vma, addr);
if (!page)
continue;
+ if (offset != entry_offset)
+ SetPageReadahead(page);
page_cache_release(page);
}
blk_finish_plug(&plug);
lru_add_drain(); /* Push any new pages onto the LRU now */
+skip:
return read_swap_cache_async(entry, gfp_mask, vma, addr);
}
--
1.8.4.5
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