Thanks Gordon & Norman I guess I lack imagination. It never dawned on me to redirect. I thought about a new process being created, but dismissed that because I mistakenly thought that since j kept its value inside what might be the new process, then that meant it couldn't be a new process since I was expecting that new process to get a new j with a value of 0. That was my mistake. Thanks for explaining it. Now maybe you could explain one other thing that I can't seem to wrap my brain around. If I can write RULEZ[i++]="$x" and i gets incremented, why can't I write i++ free standing to increment i? What rule am I violating? The error is "command not found", but then RULEZ[i++]="$x" isn't a "command" either. I've tried : ++i and that's ignored even though : is the null operator. How many different ways do you know of to write a statement to just increment a variable by 1 or 2? Bill Gradwohl (817) 224-9400 x211 www.ycc.com SPAMstomper Protected Email -- Shrike-list mailing list Shrike-list@xxxxxxxxxx https://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/shrike-list