[snip] Design patterns are used to solve common problems to in OOP programming. [/snip] It is just not limited to OOP, design patterns are used to solve common programming problems regardless of methodology. They have come into vogue with OOP and have been leveraged heavily in that case. Design patterns are everywhere. Do you need to use them? Only if the case implies it. -- PHP General Mailing List (http://www.php.net/) To unsubscribe, visit: http://www.php.net/unsub.php