Arno wrote: I understand the difference well enough, but I've never really understood the reason for having both. Is it to help find errors in sloppy coding, or is there a case where including a file more than once is desirable (and won't cause an error)? Arno -------------------------- There are probably many cases in procedural coding that this might be desirable. Probably for someone who have not yet understood the power of functions, or even more, the power of OOP. :) If you do not know how to use functions, then an include can have the same functionality as a function. /Peter -- PHP General Mailing List (http://www.php.net/) To unsubscribe, visit: http://www.php.net/unsub.php