include_path and absolute paths in include functions

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For years I was lulled into thinking I understood php include functions...

I have always used relative paths in my include and related functions, for instance:
include_once ("lib/included.php");

However, I am now needing to switch to absolute paths:
include_once ("/lib/included.php");

This doesn't work. Generates error:

Warning: main(/lib/included.php) [function.main.html]: failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /var/www/sites/sitename/index.php on line 8

Warning: main() [function.include.html]: Failed opening '/lib/included.php' for inclusion (include_path='.:/var/www/sites/sitename') in /var/www/sites/sitename/index.php on line 8

I would think I need to correct the include_path in php.ini, but the include_path seems right. The file I want to include does exist at:
/var/www/sites/sitename/lib/included.php

I always believed that the include_path and the path in the include() function were simply concatenated, but I now think that I am just plain wrong, as the error is reproducible on OS X, Fedora and everywhere else I test it.

Am I not taking into account some other directive that affects include_path, like 'doc_root' in php.ini, or 'DocumentRoot' or 'ServerRoot' in httpd.conf? Or is this a permissions issue of some sort?

Thanks for any help in advance!

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