Another way is to remember that NULL is a distinguished thing that is absence of a value, not any value of any type, and this applies to all types: - the integer 0 is a value, not null - the date 1/1/1900 (or 1904 or 0000) is a value, not null - the time 00:00:00 is a value, not null - and the string '' is a value, not null -- Scott Ribe scott_ribe@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx http://www.killerbytes.com/ (303) 722-0567 voice ---------------------------(end of broadcast)--------------------------- TIP 4: Have you searched our list archives? http://archives.postgresql.org/