FK constraint enforcement may be deferred, but only to the end of the DML transaction. Can someone provide an example where a SELECT statement that is not in that DML transaction and that can view only committed data can see a FK-side row that doesn't join with any PK-side row? I don't think I understand why the volatile function scenario. Can a volatile function somehow circumvent FK enforcement? If not, then why is the volatile function scenario different than any other DML with respect to the enforcement of FK constraints? thank you, /Jim F -- Sent from: http://www.postgresql-archive.org/PostgreSQL-general-f1843780.html