"Uwe C. Schroeder" <uwe@oss4u.com> writes:
> On Thursday 15 April 2004 04:20 pm, Tom Lane wrote:
>> ... The problem is that the SELECT
>> doesn't get the right result. The SELECT actually sees two row versions
>> as being valid: the one you just created by UPDATE, and whichever one
>> was current when the outer transaction started.
> One question to "was current when the outer transaction started".
I knew I wasn't going to get away with that explanation ;-). Okay,
here's the long version. Let's imagine this situation: initially
there's one row with last_value 1. Transaction A comes and does
begin;
select ib_nextval('mycounter');
but doesn't commit yet. Now there are two rows: one with last_value 1,
which is marked as created by some past committed transaction, and as
deleted by transaction A which is as yet uncommitted. There is also
a row with last_value 2, which is marked as created by transaction A and
deleted by nobody.
Now transaction B comes and does
select ib_nextval('mycounter');
It's going to block until A commits --- in your version, it blocks at
the LOCK-table-exclusively command, in mine at the UPDATE because the
UPDATE sees the row lock on the updated row. But in either case it
waits. Once xact A commits, B proceeds to mark the row with last_value
2 as deleted by itself, and creates a row with last_value 3, created by
itself and deleted by nobody. (This row will have last_value 3, not
something less, because the UPDATE will use the latest available
committed row as the starting point for its "last_value+1" computation.)
Now we come to the tricky part: transaction B does its SELECT. Which of
the three available rows will it consider valid? Because this SELECT is
inside a function, and we don't advance the QuerySnapshot inside a
function, the SELECT will be applying MVCC rules with respect to a
snapshot that was taken when the outer "select ib_nextval()" began ---
in other words, before transaction A committed. So the validity checks
stack up like this:
* original row with last_value 1: created by a long-since-committed
transaction, and deleted by a transaction (xact A) that had not
committed at the time of the snapshot. Ergo, good.
* second row with last_value 2: created by a not-yet-committed xact (A)
and deleted by my own transaction. Loses on either count; not good.
* third row with last_value 3: created by my own transaction and deleted
by nobody. Ergo, good.
So both last_value 1 and last_value 3 are visible to the SELECT, and
it's a crapshoot which will come up first in SELECT INTO.
If we were to advance the QuerySnaphot between statements of a plpgsql
function, the problem would go away because the SELECT would see
transaction A as already committed, making the original row not-good.
Now in this situation it is good to recognize the effects of other
transactions between statements of a plpgsql function, but it's not hard
to think up cases in which plpgsql functions would break if the visible
database state changes between statements. So it's a bit of a tough
choice what to do. I'm personally starting to think that we *should*
advance the QuerySnapshot, but as I said there's not yet a consensus
about it.
Oh, one other point: SELECT FOR UPDATE fixes this because it has
different visibility rules. Like UPDATE, it will *never* consider good
a row version that is marked as deleted by any committed transaction.
regards, tom lane
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