Hi Julian,
Here's my complete python script:
import psycopg2
import random
import math
import time
connection = psycopg2.connect('host=localhost dbname=pgtest user=pgtest password=pgtest')
cursor = connection.cursor()
while True:
id = random.randrange(1, 1000 * 1000)
cursor.execute('select offers.id, offers.name, categories.id, categories.name from offers left join categories on categories.id = offers.category_id where offers.id = %s', (id,))
print cursor.fetchall()
So I assume that each of 20 instances opens and uses a single transaction. I've just tested the options with connection.autocommit = True at the begging, but it does not change anything. Also in production (where we first noticed the problem) we use a new transaction for every select.
I start 20 instances of this python script (I use pv to measure performance):
parallel -j 20 ./test.py -- $(seq 1 20) | pv -i1 -l > /dev/null
And then in a second console, I open psql and type:
pgtest=> begin; insert into categories (name) select 'category_' || x from generate_series(1,1000) as x;
The QPS displayed be the first command drops immediately 20-30 times and stays low as long as the transaction with insert is open.
Here's the script that I use to initiate the database. You should be able to replicate the situation easily yourself if you want.
drop database pgtest;
drop user pgtest;
create user pgtest with password 'pgtest';
create database pgtest;
grant all privileges on database pgtest to pgtest;
\connect pgtest
CREATE TABLE categories
(
id bigserial NOT NULL,
name character varying NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT categories_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
CREATE TABLE offers
(
id bigserial NOT NULL,
name character varying NOT NULL,
category_id bigint NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT offers_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
insert into categories (name) select 'category_' || x from generate_series(1,1000) as x;
insert into offers (name, category_id) select 'offer_' || x, floor(random() * 1000) + 1 from generate_series(1,1000*1000) as x;
alter table categories owner to pgtest;
alter table offers owner to pgtest;
Thanks,
Bartek
On Fri, Sep 20, 2013 at 3:42 AM, Julian <tempura@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx> wrote:
Hi Bart,
You are doing heavy random reads in addition to a 1000k row insert
within a single transaction.
Also it is not clear whether your query within the python loop is itself
within a transaction. (i.e. pyscopg2.connection.autocommit to True,
disables transactional queries).
Depending on your pg adapter, it may open a transaction by default even
though it may not be required.
So please clarify whether this is the case.
Regards,
Julian.
> db.execute('select offers.id <http://offers.id/>, offers.name
On 20/09/13 10:49, Bartłomiej Romański wrote:
> Hi all
>
> We're experiencing a very strange performance issue. Our setup is a
> bit more complicated, but we've managed to isolate and replicate the
> core problem. Here's what we observe:
>
> We took a strong machine (128 GB RAM, 8-core CPU, SSD drives...) and
> installed a fresh copy of PostgreSQL 9.2 (Ubuntu Server 12.04 LTS,
> default configuration).
>
> Then, we created a test database with the following schema:
>
> CREATE TABLE offers
> (
> id bigserial NOT NULL,
> name character varying NOT NULL,
> category_id bigint NOT NULL,
> CONSTRAINT offers_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id)
> );
>
> CREATE TABLE categories
> (
> id bigserial NOT NULL,
> name character varying NOT NULL,
> CONSTRAINT categories_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id)
> );
>
> and populated it with in the following way:
>
> insert into categories (name) select 'category_' || x from
> generate_series(1,1000) as x;
> insert into offers (name, category_id) select 'offer_' || x,
> floor(random() * 1000) + 1 from generate_series(1,1000*1000) as x;
>
> Finally, we created a python script to make simple queries in a loop:
>
> while True:
> id = random.randrange(1, 1000 * 1000)
> <http://offers.name/>, categories.id <http://categories.id/>,
> categories.name <http://categories.name/> from offers left join
> categories on categories.id <http://categories.id/> =
> offers.category_id where offers.id <http://offers.id/> = %s', (id,))
--> print db.fetchall()
>
> We start 20 instances simultaneously and measure performance:
>
> parallel -j 20 ./test.py -- $(seq 1 20) | pv -i1 -l > /dev/null
>
> Normally we observe about 30k QPS what's a satisfying result (without
> any tuning at all).
>
> The problem occurs when we open a second console, start psql and type:
>
> pgtest=> begin; insert into categories (name) select 'category_' || x
> from generate_series(1,1000) as x;
>
> We start a transaction and insert 1k records to the 'categories'
> table. After that performance of the benchmark described above
> immediately drops to about 1-2k QPS. That's 20-30 times! After closing
> the transaction (committing or aborting - doesn't matter) it
> immediately jumps back to 30k QPS.
>
> Restarting the running script and other simple tricks do not change
> anything. The hanging, open transaction is causing a huge slowdown.
> What's more when doing similar insert (even much larger) to the
> 'offers' table we do not observe this effect.
>
> We analyzed the problem a bit deeper and find out that the actual
> query execution times are not affected that much. They are constantly
> close to 0.5 ms. This can be observed in a server log (after enabling
> appropriate option) and this can be found in 'explain analyze...'
> result. Also the query plan returned do not change and looks optimal
> (pkey scan for 'offers' + pkey scan for 'categories').
>
> After a few random thought we've finally turned the
> 'log_planner_stats' option and found out that the planner executions
> times are highly affected by the hanging transaction. Here's the
> typical output in the initial situation:
>
> 2013-09-17 21:54:59 UTC LOG: PLANNER STATISTICS
> 2013-09-17 21:54:59 UTC DETAIL: ! system usage stats:
> ! 0.000137 elapsed 0.000000 user 0.000000 system sec
> ! [2.169670 user 0.383941 sys total]
> ! 0/0 [0/11520] filesystem blocks in/out
> ! 0/0 [0/7408] page faults/reclaims, 0 [0] swaps
> ! 0 [0] signals rcvd, 0/0 [0/0] messages rcvd/sent
> ! 0/0 [1362/7648] voluntary/involuntary context switches
>
> And here's a typical output with a hanging transaction:
>
> 2013-09-17 21:56:12 UTC LOG: PLANNER STATISTICS
> 2013-09-17 21:56:12 UTC DETAIL: ! system usage stats:
> ! 0.027251 elapsed 0.008999 user 0.001000 system sec
> ! [32.722025 user 3.550460 sys total]
> ! 0/0 [0/115128] filesystem blocks in/out
> ! 0/0 [0/7482] page faults/reclaims, 0 [0] swaps
> ! 0 [0] signals rcvd, 0/0 [0/0] messages rcvd/sent
> ! 1/6 [12817/80202] voluntary/involuntary context switches
>
> As you can see it takes over 100 times more time when the extra
> transaction is open!
>
> Any ideas why's that? It extremely affects total query time.
>
> I know that using prepared statements to solves the problem
> completely, so we can deal with it, but we've already spend a lot of
> time to go that far and I'm personally a bit curious what's the
> fundamental reason for such a behavior.
>
> I'll be very thankful for any explanation what's going on here!
>
> Thanks,
> BR
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