Hi Paul, I find the analogy of Figure 7.11 hard to grasp. Whether a lock is global or per-instance, the cost of locking (saw kerf) is observed only when a CPU/thread does the locking operation. In this figure, does each board represent data elements, not a CPU/thread? If this is the case, what does the waste of "saw kerf" mean? What am I missing? (I hope I am clear enough on what I don't get...) Thanks, Akira