Well I'm starting to get a minor grasp on what pam can do, and one thing I've noticed is the more apps that become pam capable the more files you have to individually maintain in the /etc/pam.d directory. IMHO, this is good and bad. Good because it gives a high level of customization, bad because it makes for a high maintenance level if changing pam configurations. What I'd like to see, and maybe it's here already, is an include statement like in bind 8.2.x (and maybe other configuration file formats) i.e.: $INCLUDE "/etc/pam.d/common" Therefore repetitive authentication directives can be maintained in a common file instead of 15 separate files. Or is there another way to cut down on the repetitiveness ? ---------------- Running on Linux 2.4 Michael A. Dietz mad099@dietznet.net