On Tue, Apr 04, 2023 at 11:02:33PM +0000, Viken Kondakji wrote: > I am using EVP_PKEY_encrypt, and running on a little-endian host using > RSA public key. Will the binary output of my encryption be in > big-endian? Your mistake is using EVP_PKEY_encrypt() directly, rather than a high level primitive, like CMS_EncryptedData_encrypt(). > The target destination wants the binary data in big-endian and then > encoded to base 64. If they are looking for raw RSA signatures, they too are misguided. > A man of EVP_PKEY_encrypt(3) on my host does not mention any > endianness. You shouldn't be using this function directly. It is only for use in higher-level protocols. Naive misuse inevitably leads to significant security issues. -- Viktor.