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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH NIH News National Eye Institute (NEI) <https://www.nei.nih.gov> For Immediate Release: Friday, March 25, 2022 Contact: Lesley Earl or Claudia Costabile, 301-496-5248, <e-mail:neinews@xxxxxxxxxxx> ATTENTION TO OBJECTS IN PERIPHERAL VISION IS NOT DRIVEN BY TINY EYE MOVEMENTS Findings resolve controversy about brain systems for attention Minuscule involuntary eye movements, known as microsaccades, can occur even while one is carefully staring at a fixed point in space. When paying attention to something in the peripheral vision (called covert attention), these microsaccades
sometimes align towards the object of interest. New research by National Eye Institute (NEI) investigators shows that while these microsaccades seem to boost or diminish the strength of the brain signals underlying attention, the eye movements are not drivers
of those brain signals. The findings will help researchers interpret studies about covert attention and may open new areas for research into attention disorders and behavior. NEI is part of the National Institutes of Health. Scientists working on the neuroscience of attention have recently become concerned that because both attention and eye movements, like microsaccades, involve the same groups of neurons in the brain, that microsaccades might be required
for shifting attention. “If microsaccades were driving attention, that would bring into question a lot of previous research in the field.” said Richard Krauzlis, Ph.D., chief of the NEI Section on Eye Movements and Visual Selection, and senior author of a study
report on the research. “This work shows that while microsaccades and attention do share some mechanisms, covert attention is not driven by eye movements.” Krauzlis’ previous research has shown that covert attention causes a modulation of certain neuronal signals in an evolutionarily ancient area of the brain called the superior colliculus, which is involved in the detection of events. When
attention is being paid to a particular area – for example, the right-hand side of one’s peripheral vision – signals in the superior colliculus relating to events that occur in that area will receive an extra boost, while signals relating to events occurring
somewhere else, like on the left-hand side, will be depressed. When something shows up in our peripheral vision, we quickly shift our eyes – make a large saccade toward the event to take a better look. This movement brings the event into our high-resolution central vision. These eye movements are accompanied
by a general decrease in visual signals, as the brain ignores the quickly shifting visual information received by the eye. In laboratory studies of covert attention, primates or people are directed to avoid those types of large saccades, keeping the attended
event in the peripheral vision. However, involuntary microsaccades, which are accompanied by similar decreases in visual signals, often occur anyway.
In this study, led by first author Gongchen Yu, Ph.D., the researchers asked whether attention-based signal changes in the superior colliculus are driven by microsaccades, or if the two processes can be separated.
The researchers trained monkeys to hold their eyes straight ahead, while attending to their peripheral vision. The researchers would cue either the left or right side by flashing a ring on the “cued” side. After the cue, the monkeys would
release a joystick if they detected a color change on the cued side, while ignoring any color changes on the uncued side. The researchers could measure changes in neuronal activity on both sides of the superior colliculus, detecting a boost to the cued side,
and lower signals on the uncued side. At the same time, the researchers used high-resolution eye-tracking cameras to measure microsaccades during the trials. Sometimes, there would be no microsaccades. In other trials, the monkeys would make a microsaccade toward the cued side,
or away from the cued side. By lining up the signals based on the time any microsaccade began, the researchers found that the neuronal signals for attention in the superior colliculus were present before the microsaccade, and then would re-establish after
the microsaccade. In essence, although the eye movement would also trigger changes to neuronal signals in the superior colliculus, attention-related signals occurred independently of the eye movement signals. “While the neuronal circuits activated by these two systems do overlap, the link between microsaccades and attention is not a causal one,” Krauzlis said. “The majority of vision neuroscientists have been using this type of experimental system to study visual attention for decades. It’s a big relief to reconfirm that microsaccades are not the driver of the neuronal changes seen with visual
attention,” said Yu. “This result means we don’t need to reevaluate decades of work!” This study was funded by the NEI Intramural Program. This press release describes a basic research finding. Basic research increases our understanding of human behavior and biology, which is foundational to advancing new and better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease. Science is
an unpredictable and incremental process— each research advance builds on past discoveries, often in unexpected ways. Most clinical advances would not be possible without the knowledge of fundamental basic research. To learn more about basic research, visit
<https://www.nih.gov/news-events/basic-research-digital-media-kit>. NEI leads the federal government’s research on the visual system and eye diseases. NEI supports basic and clinical science programs to develop sight-saving treatments and address special needs of people with vision loss. For more information,
visit <https://www.nei.nih.gov>. d eye diseases. NEI supports basic and clinical science programs to develop sight-saving treatments and address special needs of people with vision loss. For more information, visit <https://www.nei.nih.gov>. About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting
and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit <https://www.nih.gov>. NIH...Turning Discovery into Health -- Registered, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office -------- REFERENCE: Yu G, Herman JP, Katz LN, and Krauzlis RJ. “Microsaccades as a marker not a cause for attention-related modulation.” eLife 2022;11:e74168. <https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.74168>
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