Dear all: According to the reference document, colon, ":", in bash is used as null command and I can realize this by following example: if condition then : # Do nothing and branch ahead else take−some−action fi But how about the following ex1 and ex2 mean? Ex1: : ${username=`whoami`} ${username=`whoami`} Ex2: : $((n = $n + 1)) (( n = n + 1 )) Appreciate your help, vichy -- To unsubscribe from this list: send an email with "unsubscribe kernelnewbies" to ecartis@xxxxxxxxxxxx Please read the FAQ at http://kernelnewbies.org/FAQ