Hi, AFAIK Linux has per-process pgds (Page Global Directory). When a kernel mapping changes such that a pmd mapping must be changed on the pgd, is this done one by one to every per-process pgd on the system? Is this not a frequent case? Are kernel mappings rarely changed? For example kmalloc/kfree could cause a new page to be mapped/removed that could cause change of a pmd mapping on the current (and I presume every other) pgd. Thanks, Bahadir -- Kernelnewbies: Help each other learn about the Linux kernel. Archive: http://mail.nl.linux.org/kernelnewbies/ FAQ: http://kernelnewbies.org/faq/