HI all, I have a question. When a process tries to access kernel space, he is blocked by the hardware, even if he is root, right ? BUT - most linux distributions use 3Gb-1Gb as user-kernel address space barrier, while some uses 2Gb-2Gb. so how does the hardware know where does the kernel space start ? can a user space program go to ring 0 so the hardware won't stop it from accessing the upper 1Gb memory ? thanks all ! jakko -- Kernelnewbies: Help each other learn about the Linux kernel. Archive: http://mail.nl.linux.org/kernelnewbies/ FAQ: http://kernelnewbies.org/faq/