Hi, Are i/o data written immediately to memory and the corresponding pages "pinned" there (locked)? or kernel buffers are used for the i/o data first and then data are copied to memory? Thanks ___________________________________________________________ To help you stay safe and secure online, we've developed the all new Yahoo! Security Centre. http://uk.security.yahoo.com -- Kernelnewbies: Help each other learn about the Linux kernel. Archive: http://mail.nl.linux.org/kernelnewbies/ FAQ: http://kernelnewbies.org/faq/