On Tuesday 07 December 2004 05:25, Karthik Subramanian wrote: > On Mon, 6 Dec 2004 11:05:40 +0100, Fabio <fmdf@xxxxxxxxxx> wrote: > > [root@localhost modules]# insmod hello-2.ko > > insmod: error inserting 'hello-2.ko': -1 Invalid module format [skip] > Hi Fabio, > > I copied the same program from your email and compiled on my machine, > it works without a whimper :-) > > I'm not a makefile expert, but I think that you're not passing the > correct args to gcc when you invoke it in your makefile. > > Why don't you try compile it from the command line with something like > this: gcc -I /usr/src/linux/include -DMODULE -D__KERNEL__ -o hello.o -c > hello.c. (Make sure to replace /usr/src/linux/include by whatever makes > sense on your system). > If it works, then you know for sure that the problem is indeed with > the makefile. > > If you do want a makefile, here's a simple one that I use. Warning: > the email client would've probably messed up with the tabs, so you'll > have to fix that. > > ---- snip ---- > > default: hello > > SRC := hello.c > MODULENAME := hello.ko > > INCDIR := /usr/src/linux/include > CFLAGS := -DMODULE -D__KERNEL__ -DLINUX -Wall > > hello: $(SRC) > gcc $(CFLAGS) -I $(INCDIR) -o $(MODULENAME) -c $(SRC) > > clean: > @ echo "cleaning up" > rm -f ./*.o > > ---- snip ---- > > Hope this helps! > > Regards, > Karthik. Hi Karthik, I thank you for you reply. However I found the solution just a few minutes ago, just going on reading the same on-line book. The problem is treated at http://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.6/html/x419.html where it is solved. I report the solution here because I have noticed, while trying to get a hint from Google, that a lot of people face the very same issue. After trying insmod and receiving "insmod: error inserting 'my_module.ko': -1 Invalid module format", you have to look at /var/log/messages where you find a message that is like "Dec 6 11:46:54 localhost kernel: bsd_comp: version magic '2.6.5-1.358custom preempt PENTIUMII REGPARM 4KSTACKS gcc-3.4' should be '2.6.5-1.358custom preempt PENTIUMII REGPARM 4KSTACKS gcc-3.3'". As you can notice there is a subtle difference in version magic between the module and the kernel, that in my case showed that I compiled my kernel with gcc-3.3 and my module with gcc-3.4. So I re-compiled the kernel with gcc-3.4 and eventually insmod succeded also without module re-compilation. Anyway, apart from this specific problem, I have modified my Makefile following your hints because I find that yours is better than mine. Ciao, Fabio De Francesco -- Kernelnewbies: Help each other learn about the Linux kernel. Archive: http://mail.nl.linux.org/kernelnewbies/ FAQ: http://kernelnewbies.org/faq/
