hello, I think there is one question of Kannan unanswered: CS has attribute of "READ-ONLY", and DS has attribute of "READ-WRITE". And we all know that CS and DS point to the same address range (they have the same base address of 0, and same size of 4GB). So they overlap, but how can we still write data in DS segment? Writing to DS, so we write to CS, but CS is READ-ONLY, so the problem would occur, right ?? best regards, AQ -- Kernelnewbies: Help each other learn about the Linux kernel. Archive: http://mail.nl.linux.org/kernelnewbies/ FAQ: http://kernelnewbies.org/faq/