>can u pls point me to >some book or link which explains the basics of these 2 functions... checkout the article at http://www.linux-mag.com/2000-11/gear_01.html Regards, Mohit Kalra "It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts." -- Kernelnewbies: Help each other learn about the Linux kernel. Archive: http://mail.nl.linux.org/kernelnewbies/ FAQ: http://kernelnewbies.org/faq/