On Fri, 1 Mar 2002, Thomas Abraham wrote: ==>Hi Ketan, ==> This is in response to your query on real mode. ==> ==>Intel processors can work in two modes. Real mode and ==>Protected mode. In real mode, processor works with 16 ==>bits. All the memory managment and process mangament ==>features are turned off in this mode. But in protected ==>mode these features are turned on which is very ==>essentail for an operating system. ==> ==> Now when the computer boots up, the processor is ==>initally in reak mode. Now OS is boot starped and if ==>that OS need to work in protected mode of the Intel ==>processors, then it executes an instruction to switch ==>to protected mode and utilize process features. ==> ==> Maybe this explanation is incomplete and vague. If ==>you need mode info please mail to me. ==> ==>Regards, ==>Thomas ==> ==>( This is the first time I am replaying to a query on ==>a mailing list.) first of all thank you Thomas for replying. Actually what you have written, that stuff i already know, but what i wanted to know is that where the real-mode is used except bootstrapping. Once ur OS gets booted the processor is switched in protected mode.[ This is true of Linux ] Now in which situations it returns to real-mode or is it that it never goes into real-mode after booting?? [Sorry,but I prefer to have the discussion on the mailing list. Is this off-topic?] Regards Ketan -- Kernelnewbies: Help each other learn about the Linux kernel. Archive: http://mail.nl.linux.org/kernelnewbies/ IRC Channel: irc.openprojects.net / #kernelnewbies Web Page: http://www.kernelnewbies.org/