Sorry to bother anyone, but I'm new to iptables, and I'm debugging a working production machine, so I can't really test things too much. :-( Is a connection ONLY added to the state table when the first packet matches a rule that contains the --state NEW directive, or can it happen in some other way? When --state INVALID is matched, is it done only on the source and destination addresses and ports, or is something else also involved? Are NAT 'states' available for examination anywhere, like /proc/net/ip_conntrack? Thanks for any assistance. -- Jeff Simmons jsimmons@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Simmons Consulting - Network Engineering, Administration, Security "You guys, I don't hear any noise. Are you sure you're doing it right?" -- My Life With The Thrill Kill Kult