Hello All,
This is a patch to the SYSRQ xtables-addon that is, I believe, secure
enough to use in moderately untrustworthy environments.
This is an updated version of the patch to address comments previously
received. The main change, prompted by Patrick McHardy's question, is
to allow the hash algorithm to be changed at module load time. Other
than that I've clarified the '\n' password termination and updated the
man page to include using -m limit, the configurable hash algorithm and
made it a little that you can send multiple request keys.
Rationale:
I want to be able to use SYSRQ to reboot, crash or partially diagnose
machines that become unresponsive for one reason or another. These
machines, typically, are blades or rack mounted machines that do not
have a PS/2 connection for a keyboard and the old method of wheeling
round a "crash trolley" that has a monitor and a keyboard on it no
longer works: USB keyboards rarely, if ever, work because by the time
the machine is responding only to a ping, udev is incapable of setting
up a new keyboard.
This patch extends the xt_SYSRQ module to avoid both disclosing the
sysrq password and preventing replay. This is done by changing the
request packet from the simple "<key><password>" to a slightly more
complex "<key>,<seqno>,<salt>,<hash>". The hash is the sha1 checksum
of "<key>,<seqno>,<salt>,<password>". A request can be constructed in
a small shell script, for example:
keys="s" # keys processed in order
password="cookie"
seqno=$(date +%s)
salt="$(dd bs=12 count=1 if=/dev/urandom 2>/dev/null | openssl enc
-base64)"
req="$keys,$seqno,$salt"
req="$req,$(echo -n "$req,$password" | sha1sum | cut -c 1-40)"
As before this can be sent to the victim machine using socat or netcat.
Verification of the hash in xt_SYSRQ follows much the same process.
The sequence number, seqno, is initialised to the current time (in
seconds) when the xt_SYSRQ module is loaded and is updated each time a
valid request is received. A request with a sequence number less than
the current sequence number or a wrong hash is silently ignored.
(Using the time for the sequence number assumes (requires) that time
doesn't go backwards on a reboot and that the requester and victim have
reasonably synchronized clocks.)
The random salt is there to prevent pre-computed dictionary attacks
difficult: dictionary attacks are still feasible if you capture a packet
because the hash is computed quickly -- taking perhaps several
milliseconds to compute a more complex hash in xt_SYSRQ when the machine
is unresponsive is probably not the best thing you could do. However,
cracking, say, a random 32 character password would take some time and
is probably beyond what the people in the target untrustworthy
environment are prepared to do or have the resources for. It almost
goes without saying that no two victim machines should use the same
password.
Finally, the module allocates all the resources it need at module
initialisation time on the assumption that if things are going badly
resource allocation is going to be troublesome.
jch
diff -up xtables-addons-1.6/extensions/libxt_SYSRQ.man.sysrq xtables-addons-1.6/extensions/libxt_SYSRQ.man
--- xtables-addons-1.6/extensions/libxt_SYSRQ.man.sysrq 2008-11-18 17:16:34.000000000 +0000
+++ xtables-addons-1.6/extensions/libxt_SYSRQ.man 2008-12-02 17:15:34.000000000 +0000
@@ -5,13 +5,15 @@ stuck as a result -- if still possible,
processes are stuck, interrupts are likely to be still processed, and as such,
sysrq can be triggered through incoming network packets.
.PP
-This xt_SYSRQ implementation does not use any encryption, so you should change
-the SYSRQ password after use unless you have made sure it was transmitted
-securely and no one sniffed the network, e.g. by use of an IPsec tunnel whose
-endpoint is at the machine where you want to trigger the sysrq. Also, you
-should limit as to who can issue commands using \fB-s\fP and/or \fB-m mac\fP,
-and also that the destination is correct using \fB-d\fP (to protect against
-potential broadcast packets), noting that it is still short of MAC/IP spoofing:
+The xt_SYSRQ implementation uses a salted hash and a sequence number to prevent
+network sniffers from either guessing the password or replaying earlier
+requests. The initial sequence number comes from the time of day so you will
+have a small window of vulnerability should time go backwards at a reboot.
+However, the file /sys/module/xt_SYSREQ/seqno can be used to both query and
+update the current sequence number. Also, you should limit as to who can issue
+commands using \fB-s\fP and/or \fB-m mac\fP, and also that the destination is
+correct using \fB-d\fP (to protect against potential broadcast packets), noting
+that it is still short of MAC/IP spoofing:
.IP
-A INPUT -s 10.10.25.1 -m mac --mac-source aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff -d 10.10.25.7
-p udp --dport 9 -j SYSRQ
@@ -20,14 +22,19 @@ potential broadcast packets), noting tha
ipsec --proto esp --tunnel-src 10.10.25.1 --tunnel-dst 10.10.25.7
-p udp --dport 9 -j SYSRQ
.PP
+You should also limit the rate at which connections can be received to limit
+the CPU time taken by illegal requests, for example:
+.IP
+-A INPUT 0s 10.10.25.1 -m mac --mac-source aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff -d 10.10.25.7
+-p udp --dport 9 -m limit --limit 5/minute -j SYSRQ
+.PP
This extension does not take any options. The \fB-p udp\fP options are
required.
.PP
The SYSRQ password can be changed through
-/sys/module/xt_SYSRQ/parameters/password; note you need to use `echo -n` to
-not add a newline to the password, i.e.
+/sys/module/xt_SYSRQ/parameters/password, for example:
.IP
-echo -n "password" >/sys/.../password
+echo "password" >/sys/module/xt_SYSRQ/parameters/password
.PP
Alternatively, the password may be specified at modprobe time, but this is
insecure as people can possible see it through ps(1). You can use an option
@@ -36,12 +43,41 @@ by root.
.IP
options xt_SYSRQ password=cookies
.PP
-To trigger SYSRQ from a remote host, just use netcat or socat, specifying the
-action (only one) as first character, followed by the password:
-.IP
-echo -n "scookies" | socat stdin udp-sendto:10.10.25.7:9
+The hash algorithm can also be specified as a module option, for example, to
+use SHA-256 instead of the default SHA-1:
.IP
-echo -n "scookies" | netcat -u 10.10.25.7 9
+options xt_SYSRQ hash=sha256
.PP
-See the Linux docs for possible sysrq keys. Important ones are:
-re(b)oot, power(o)ff, (s)ync filesystems, (u)mount and remount readonly.
+The xt_SYSRQ module is normally silent unless a successful request is received,
+but the \fIdebug\fP module parameter can be used to find exactly why a
+seemingly correct request is not being processed.
+.PP
+To trigger SYSRQ from a remote host, just use netcat or socat:
+.RS
+.nf
+
+sysrq_key="s" # the SysRq key(s)
+password="password"
+seqno="$(date +%s)"
+salt="$(dd bs=12 count=1 if=/dev/urandom 2>/dev/null |
+ openssl enc -base64)"
+req="$sysrq_key,$seqno,$salt"
+req="$req,$(echo -n "$req,$password" | sha1sum | cut -c1-40)"
+
+echo "$req" | socat stdin udp-sendto:10.10.25.7:9
+# or
+echo "$req" | netcat -uw1 10.10.25.7 9
+
+.fi
+.RE
+.PP
+See the Linux docs for possible sysrq keys. Important ones are: re(b)oot,
+power(o)ff, (s)ync filesystems, (u)mount and remount readonly. More than one
+sysrq key can be used at once, but bear in mind that, for example, a sync may
+not complete before a subsequent reboot or poweroff.
+.PP
+The hashing scheme should be enough to prevent mis-use of SYSRQ in many
+environments, but it is not perfect: take reasonable precautions to protect
+your machines. Most importantly ensure that each machine has a different
+password; there is scant protection for a SYSRQ packet being applied to a
+machine that happens to have the same password.
diff -up xtables-addons-1.6/extensions/xt_SYSRQ.c.sysrq xtables-addons-1.6/extensions/xt_SYSRQ.c
--- xtables-addons-1.6/extensions/xt_SYSRQ.c.sysrq 2008-11-18 17:16:34.000000000 +0000
+++ xtables-addons-1.6/extensions/xt_SYSRQ.c 2008-12-02 16:38:17.000000000 +0000
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
* Copyright © Jan Engelhardt <jengelh [at] medozas de>, 2008
*
* Based upon the ipt_SYSRQ idea by Marek Zalem <marek [at] terminus sk>
- * xt_SYSRQ does not use hashing or timestamps.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
@@ -19,43 +18,141 @@
#include <linux/netfilter_ipv4/ip_tables.h>
#include <linux/netfilter_ipv6/ip6_tables.h>
#include <linux/netfilter/x_tables.h>
+#include <linux/crypto.h>
+#include <linux/scatterlist.h>
#include <net/ip.h>
#include "compat_xtables.h"
static bool sysrq_once;
static char sysrq_password[64];
+static char sysrq_hash[16] = "sha1";
+static long seqno;
+static int debug;
module_param_string(password, sysrq_password, sizeof(sysrq_password),
- S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
-MODULE_PARM_DESC(password, "password for remote sysrq");
-
+ S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
+module_param_string(hash, sysrq_hash, sizeof(sysrq_hash),
+ S_IRUSR);
+module_param(seqno, long, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
+module_param(debug, int, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(password, " password for remote sysrq");
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(hash, " hash algorithm, default sha1");
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(seqno, " sequence number for remote sysrq");
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(debug, " debugging: 0=off, 1=on");
+
+
+static struct crypto_hash *tfm;
+static int digestsize;
+static unsigned char *digest_password;
+static unsigned char *digest;
+static char *hexdigest;
+
+/*
+ * The data is of the form "<requests>,<seqno>,<salt>,<hash>" where <requests>
+ * is a series of sysrq requests; <seqno> is a sequence number that must be
+ * greater than the last sequence number; <salt> is some random bytes; and
+ * <hash> is the hash of everything up to and including the preceding ","
+ * together with the password.
+ *
+ * For example
+ *
+ * salt=$RANDOM
+ * req="s,$(date +%s),$salt"
+ * echo "$req,$(echo -n $req,secret | sha1sum | cut -c1-40)"
+ *
+ * You will want a better salt and password than that though :-)
+ */
static unsigned int sysrq_tg(const void *pdata, uint16_t len)
{
const char *data = pdata;
- char c;
+ int i, n;
+ struct scatterlist sg[2];
+ struct hash_desc desc;
+ int ret;
+ long new_seqno = 0;
if (*sysrq_password == '\0') {
if (!sysrq_once)
- printk(KERN_INFO KBUILD_MODNAME "No password set\n");
+ printk(KERN_INFO KBUILD_MODNAME ": No password set\n");
sysrq_once = true;
return NF_DROP;
}
-
if (len == 0)
return NF_DROP;
- c = *data;
- if (strncmp(&data[1], sysrq_password, len - 1) != 0) {
- printk(KERN_INFO KBUILD_MODNAME "Failed attempt - "
- "password mismatch\n");
+ for (i = 0; sysrq_password[i] != '\0' &&
+ sysrq_password[i] != '\n'; i++)
+ /* loop */;
+ sysrq_password[i] = '\0';
+
+ i = 0;
+ for (n = 0; n < len - 1; n++) {
+ if (i == 1 && '0' <= data[n] && data[n] <= '9')
+ new_seqno = 10L * new_seqno + data[n] - '0';
+ if (data[n] == ',' && ++i == 3)
+ break;
+ }
+ n++;
+ if (i != 3) {
+ if (debug)
+ printk(KERN_WARNING KBUILD_MODNAME
+ ": badly formatted request\n");
+ return NF_DROP;
+ }
+ if (seqno >= new_seqno) {
+ if (debug)
+ printk(KERN_WARNING KBUILD_MODNAME
+ ": old sequence number ignored\n");
+ return NF_DROP;
+ }
+
+ desc.tfm = tfm;
+ desc.flags = 0;
+ ret = crypto_hash_init(&desc);
+ if (ret)
+ goto hash_fail;
+ sg_init_table(sg, 2);
+ sg_set_buf(&sg[0], data, n);
+ strcpy(digest_password, sysrq_password);
+ i = strlen(digest_password);
+ sg_set_buf(&sg[1], digest_password, i);
+ ret = crypto_hash_digest(&desc, sg, n + i, digest);
+ if (ret)
+ goto hash_fail;
+
+ for (i = 0; i < digestsize; i++) {
+ hexdigest[2 * i] =
+ "0123456789abcdef"[(digest[i] >> 4) & 0xf];
+ hexdigest[2 * i + 1] =
+ "0123456789abcdef"[digest[i] & 0xf];
+ }
+ hexdigest[2 * digestsize] = '\0';
+ if (len - n < digestsize) {
+ if (debug)
+ printk(KERN_INFO KBUILD_MODNAME ": Short digest,"
+ " expected %s\n", hexdigest);
+ return NF_DROP;
+ }
+ if (strncmp(data + n, hexdigest, digestsize) != 0) {
+ if (debug)
+ printk(KERN_INFO KBUILD_MODNAME ": Bad digest,"
+ " expected %s\n", hexdigest);
return NF_DROP;
}
+ /* Now we trust the requester */
+ seqno = new_seqno;
+ for (i = 0; i < len && data[i] != ','; i++) {
+ printk(KERN_INFO KBUILD_MODNAME ": SysRq %c\n", data[i]);
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 19)
- handle_sysrq(c, NULL);
+ handle_sysrq(data[i], NULL);
#else
- handle_sysrq(c, NULL, NULL);
+ handle_sysrq(data[i], NULL, NULL);
#endif
+ }
return NF_ACCEPT;
+hash_fail:
+ printk(KERN_WARNING KBUILD_MODNAME ": digest failure\n");
+ return NF_DROP;
}
static unsigned int
@@ -73,9 +170,11 @@ sysrq_tg4(struct sk_buff **pskb, const s
udph = (void *)iph + ip_hdrlen(skb);
len = ntohs(udph->len) - sizeof(struct udphdr);
- printk(KERN_INFO KBUILD_MODNAME ": " NIPQUAD_FMT ":%u -> :%u len=%u\n",
- NIPQUAD(iph->saddr), htons(udph->source), htons(udph->dest),
- len);
+ if (debug)
+ printk(KERN_INFO KBUILD_MODNAME
+ ": " NIPQUAD_FMT ":%u -> :%u len=%u\n",
+ NIPQUAD(iph->saddr), htons(udph->source),
+ htons(udph->dest), len);
return sysrq_tg((void *)udph + sizeof(struct udphdr), len);
}
@@ -94,9 +193,11 @@ sysrq_tg6(struct sk_buff **pskb, const s
udph = udp_hdr(skb);
len = ntohs(udph->len) - sizeof(struct udphdr);
- printk(KERN_INFO KBUILD_MODNAME ": " NIP6_FMT ":%hu -> :%hu len=%u\n",
- NIP6(iph->saddr), ntohs(udph->source),
- ntohs(udph->dest), len);
+ if (debug)
+ printk(KERN_INFO KBUILD_MODNAME
+ ": " NIP6_FMT ":%hu -> :%hu len=%u\n",
+ NIP6(iph->saddr), ntohs(udph->source),
+ ntohs(udph->dest), len);
return sysrq_tg(udph + sizeof(struct udphdr), len);
}
@@ -146,11 +247,55 @@ static struct xt_target sysrq_tg_reg[] _
static int __init sysrq_tg_init(void)
{
+ struct timeval now;
+ tfm = crypto_alloc_hash(sysrq_hash, 0, CRYPTO_ALG_ASYNC);
+ if (IS_ERR(tfm)) {
+ printk(KERN_WARNING KBUILD_MODNAME
+ ": Error: Could not find or load %s hash\n",
+ sysrq_hash);
+ tfm = NULL;
+ goto fail;
+ }
+ digestsize = crypto_hash_digestsize(tfm);
+ digest = kmalloc(digestsize, GFP_KERNEL);
+ if (!digest) {
+ printk(KERN_WARNING KBUILD_MODNAME
+ ": Cannot allocate digest\n");
+ goto fail;
+ }
+ hexdigest = kmalloc(2 * digestsize + 1, GFP_KERNEL);
+ if (!hexdigest) {
+ printk(KERN_WARNING KBUILD_MODNAME
+ ": Cannot allocate hexdigest\n");
+ goto fail;
+ }
+ digest_password = kmalloc(sizeof(sysrq_password), GFP_KERNEL);
+ if (!digest_password) {
+ printk(KERN_WARNING KBUILD_MODNAME
+ ": Cannot allocate password digest space\n");
+ goto fail;
+ }
+ do_gettimeofday(&now);
+ seqno = now.tv_sec;
return xt_register_targets(sysrq_tg_reg, ARRAY_SIZE(sysrq_tg_reg));
+fail:
+ if (tfm)
+ crypto_free_hash(tfm);
+ if (digest)
+ kfree(digest);
+ if (hexdigest)
+ kfree(hexdigest);
+ if (digest_password)
+ kfree(digest_password);
+ return -EINVAL;
}
static void __exit sysrq_tg_exit(void)
{
+ crypto_free_hash(tfm);
+ kfree(digest);
+ kfree(hexdigest);
+ kfree(digest_password);
return xt_unregister_targets(sysrq_tg_reg, ARRAY_SIZE(sysrq_tg_reg));
}
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