In file include/asm-mips/pci.h there are some functions for dma if the I/O model is non-coherent. for example: pci_map_sg pci_unmap_sg These two functions exist for ide dma. Before the dma transfer, pci_map_sg will map the memory space covered by sg_table, and it will flush and invalidate cache indexed by that memory space. After the dma transfer, pci_unmap_sg also needs to be called to flush and invalidate the same cache. But I do not know why the second flush will be demanded. I think that in the interval between the two flush, there would be nothing to access the memory covered by the dma. But it is not the case. I want to know what can access that memory and I need some help.