From: Darrick J. Wong <darrick.wong@xxxxxxxxxx>
Incorporate the self-describing metadata doc into the design book.
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <darrick.wong@xxxxxxxxxx>
---
design/XFS_Filesystem_Structure/docinfo.xml | 1
.../self_describing_metadata.asciidoc | 354 ++++++++++++++++++++
.../xfs_filesystem_structure.asciidoc | 2
design/xfs-self-describing-metadata.asciidoc | 356 --------------------
4 files changed, 357 insertions(+), 356 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 design/XFS_Filesystem_Structure/self_describing_metadata.asciidoc
delete mode 100644 design/xfs-self-describing-metadata.asciidoc
diff --git a/design/XFS_Filesystem_Structure/docinfo.xml b/design/XFS_Filesystem_Structure/docinfo.xml
index 558a04c..29ffbb5 100644
--- a/design/XFS_Filesystem_Structure/docinfo.xml
+++ b/design/XFS_Filesystem_Structure/docinfo.xml
@@ -180,6 +180,7 @@
<revdescription>
<simplelist>
<member>Incorporate Dave Chinner's log design document.</member>
+ <member>Incorporate Dave Chinner's self-describing metadata design document.</member>
</simplelist>
</revdescription>
</revision>
diff --git a/design/XFS_Filesystem_Structure/self_describing_metadata.asciidoc b/design/XFS_Filesystem_Structure/self_describing_metadata.asciidoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3038b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/design/XFS_Filesystem_Structure/self_describing_metadata.asciidoc
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+= XFS Self Describing Metadata
+
+== Introduction
+
+The largest scalability problem facing XFS is not one of algorithmic
+scalability, but of verification of the filesystem structure. Scalabilty of the
+structures and indexes on disk and the algorithms for iterating them are
+adequate for supporting PB scale filesystems with billions of inodes, however it
+is this very scalability that causes the verification problem.
+
+Almost all metadata on XFS is dynamically allocated. The only fixed location
+metadata is the allocation group headers (SB, AGF, AGFL and AGI), while all
+other metadata structures need to be discovered by walking the filesystem
+structure in different ways. While this is already done by userspace tools for
+validating and repairing the structure, there are limits to what they can
+verify, and this in turn limits the supportable size of an XFS filesystem.
+
+For example, it is entirely possible to manually use xfs_db and a bit of
+scripting to analyse the structure of a 100TB filesystem when trying to
+determine the root cause of a corruption problem, but it is still mainly a
+manual task of verifying that things like single bit errors or misplaced writes
+weren't the ultimate cause of a corruption event. It may take a few hours to a
+few days to perform such forensic analysis, so for at this scale root cause
+analysis is entirely possible.
+
+However, if we scale the filesystem up to 1PB, we now have 10x as much metadata
+to analyse and so that analysis blows out towards weeks/months of forensic work.
+Most of the analysis work is slow and tedious, so as the amount of analysis goes
+up, the more likely that the cause will be lost in the noise. Hence the primary
+concern for supporting PB scale filesystems is minimising the time and effort
+required for basic forensic analysis of the filesystem structure.
+
+
+== Self Describing Metadata
+
+One of the problems with the current metadata format is that apart from the
+magic number in the metadata block, we have no other way of identifying what it
+is supposed to be. We can't even identify if it is the right place. Put simply,
+you can't look at a single metadata block in isolation and say "yes, it is
+supposed to be there and the contents are valid".
+
+Hence most of the time spent on forensic analysis is spent doing basic
+verification of metadata values, looking for values that are in range (and hence
+not detected by automated verification checks) but are not correct. Finding and
+understanding how things like cross linked block lists (e.g. sibling
+pointers in a btree end up with loops in them) are the key to understanding what
+went wrong, but it is impossible to tell what order the blocks were linked into
+each other or written to disk after the fact.
+
+Hence we need to record more information into the metadata to allow us to
+quickly determine if the metadata is intact and can be ignored for the purpose
+of analysis. We can't protect against every possible type of error, but we can
+ensure that common types of errors are easily detectable. Hence the concept of
+self describing metadata.
+
+The first, fundamental requirement of self describing metadata is that the
+metadata object contains some form of unique identifier in a well known
+location. This allows us to identify the expected contents of the block and
+hence parse and verify the metadata object. IF we can't independently identify
+the type of metadata in the object, then the metadata doesn't describe itself
+very well at all!
+
+Luckily, almost all XFS metadata has magic numbers embedded already - only the
+AGFL, remote symlinks and remote attribute blocks do not contain identifying
+magic numbers. Hence we can change the on-disk format of all these objects to
+add more identifying information and detect this simply by changing the magic
+numbers in the metadata objects. That is, if it has the current magic number,
+the metadata isn't self identifying. If it contains a new magic number, it is
+self identifying and we can do much more expansive automated verification of the
+metadata object at runtime, during forensic analysis or repair.
+
+As a primary concern, self describing metadata needs some form of overall
+integrity checking. We cannot trust the metadata if we cannot verify that it has
+not been changed as a result of external influences. Hence we need some form of
+integrity check, and this is done by adding CRC32c validation to the metadata
+block. If we can verify the block contains the metadata it was intended to
+contain, a large amount of the manual verification work can be skipped.
+
+CRC32c was selected as metadata cannot be more than 64k in length in XFS and
+hence a 32 bit CRC is more than sufficient to detect multi-bit errors in
+metadata blocks. CRC32c is also now hardware accelerated on common CPUs so it is
+fast. So while CRC32c is not the strongest of possible integrity checks that
+could be used, it is more than sufficient for our needs and has relatively
+little overhead. Adding support for larger integrity fields and/or algorithms
+does really provide any extra value over CRC32c, but it does add a lot of
+complexity and so there is no provision for changing the integrity checking
+mechanism.
+
+Self describing metadata needs to contain enough information so that the
+metadata block can be verified as being in the correct place without needing to
+look at any other metadata. This means it needs to contain location information.
+Just adding a block number to the metadata is not sufficient to protect against
+mis-directed writes - a write might be misdirected to the wrong LUN and so be
+written to the "correct block" of the wrong filesystem. Hence location
+information must contain a filesystem identifier as well as a block number.
+
+Another key information point in forensic analysis is knowing who the metadata
+block belongs to. We already know the type, the location, that it is valid
+and/or corrupted, and how long ago that it was last modified. Knowing the owner
+of the block is important as it allows us to find other related metadata to
+determine the scope of the corruption. For example, if we have a extent btree
+object, we don't know what inode it belongs to and hence have to walk the entire
+filesystem to find the owner of the block. Worse, the corruption could mean that
+no owner can be found (i.e. it's an orphan block), and so without an owner field
+in the metadata we have no idea of the scope of the corruption. If we have an
+owner field in the metadata object, we can immediately do top down validation to
+determine the scope of the problem.
+
+Different types of metadata have different owner identifiers. For example,
+directory, attribute and extent tree blocks are all owned by an inode, whilst
+freespace btree blocks are owned by an allocation group. Hence the size and
+contents of the owner field are determined by the type of metadata object we are
+looking at. The owner information can also identify misplaced writes (e.g.
+freespace btree block written to the wrong AG).
+
+Self describing metadata also needs to contain some indication of when it was
+written to the filesystem. One of the key information points when doing forensic
+analysis is how recently the block was modified. Correlation of set of corrupted
+metadata blocks based on modification times is important as it can indicate
+whether the corruptions are related, whether there's been multiple corruption
+events that lead to the eventual failure, and even whether there are corruptions
+present that the run-time verification is not detecting.
+
+For example, we can determine whether a metadata object is supposed to be free
+space or still allocated if it is still referenced by its owner by looking at
+when the free space btree block that contains the block was last written
+compared to when the metadata object itself was last written. If the free space
+block is more recent than the object and the object's owner, then there is a
+very good chance that the block should have been removed from the owner.
+
+To provide this "written timestamp", each metadata block gets the Log Sequence
+Number (LSN) of the most recent transaction it was modified on written into it.
+This number will always increase over the life of the filesystem, and the only
+thing that resets it is running xfs_repair on the filesystem. Further, by use of
+the LSN we can tell if the corrupted metadata all belonged to the same log
+checkpoint and hence have some idea of how much modification occurred between
+the first and last instance of corrupt metadata on disk and, further, how much
+modification occurred between the corruption being written and when it was
+detected.
+
+== Runtime Validation
+
+Validation of self-describing metadata takes place at runtime in two places:
+
+ * immediately after a successful read from disk
+ * immediately prior to write IO submission
+
+The verification is completely stateless - it is done independently of the
+modification process, and seeks only to check that the metadata is what it says
+it is and that the metadata fields are within bounds and internally consistent.
+As such, we cannot catch all types of corruption that can occur within a block
+as there may be certain limitations that operational state enforces of the
+metadata, or there may be corruption of interblock relationships (e.g. corrupted
+sibling pointer lists). Hence we still need stateful checking in the main code
+body, but in general most of the per-field validation is handled by the
+verifiers.
+
+For read verification, the caller needs to specify the expected type of metadata
+that it should see, and the IO completion process verifies that the metadata
+object matches what was expected. If the verification process fails, then it
+marks the object being read as EFSCORRUPTED. The caller needs to catch this
+error (same as for IO errors), and if it needs to take special action due to a
+verification error it can do so by catching the EFSCORRUPTED error value. If we
+need more discrimination of error type at higher levels, we can define new
+error numbers for different errors as necessary.
+
+The first step in read verification is checking the magic number and determining
+whether CRC validating is necessary. If it is, the CRC32c is calculated and
+compared against the value stored in the object itself. Once this is validated,
+further checks are made against the location information, followed by extensive
+object specific metadata validation. If any of these checks fail, then the
+buffer is considered corrupt and the EFSCORRUPTED error is set appropriately.
+
+Write verification is the opposite of the read verification - first the object
+is extensively verified and if it is OK we then update the LSN from the last
+modification made to the object, After this, we calculate the CRC and insert it
+into the object. Once this is done the write IO is allowed to continue. If any
+error occurs during this process, the buffer is again marked with a EFSCORRUPTED
+error for the higher layers to catch.
+
+== Structures
+
+A typical on-disk structure needs to contain the following information:
+
+[source ,c]
+----
+struct xfs_ondisk_hdr {
+ __be32 magic; /* magic number */
+ __be32 crc; /* CRC, not logged */
+ uuid_t uuid; /* filesystem identifier */
+ __be64 owner; /* parent object */
+ __be64 blkno; /* location on disk */
+ __be64 lsn; /* last modification in log, not logged */
+};
+----
+
+Depending on the metadata, this information may be part of a header structure
+separate to the metadata contents, or may be distributed through an existing
+structure. The latter occurs with metadata that already contains some of this
+information, such as the superblock and AG headers.
+
+Other metadata may have different formats for the information, but the same
+level of information is generally provided. For example:
+
+ * short btree blocks have a 32 bit owner (ag number) and a 32 bit block
+ number for location. The two of these combined provide the same
+ information as @owner and @blkno in eh above structure, but using 8
+ bytes less space on disk.
+
+ * directory/attribute node blocks have a 16 bit magic number, and the
+ header that contains the magic number has other information in it as
+ well. hence the additional metadata headers change the overall format
+ of the metadata.
+
+A typical buffer read verifier is structured as follows:
+
+[source ,c]
+----
+#define XFS_FOO_CRC_OFF offsetof(struct xfs_ondisk_hdr, crc)
+
+static void
+xfs_foo_read_verify(
+ struct xfs_buf *bp)
+{
+ struct xfs_mount *mp = bp->b_target->bt_mount;
+
+ if ((xfs_sb_version_hascrc(&mp->m_sb) &&
+ !xfs_verify_cksum(bp->b_addr, BBTOB(bp->b_length),
+ XFS_FOO_CRC_OFF)) ||
+ !xfs_foo_verify(bp)) {
+ XFS_CORRUPTION_ERROR(__func__, XFS_ERRLEVEL_LOW, mp, bp->b_addr);
+ xfs_buf_ioerror(bp, EFSCORRUPTED);
+ }
+}
+----
+
+The code ensures that the CRC is only checked if the filesystem has CRCs enabled
+by checking the superblock of the feature bit, and then if the CRC verifies OK
+(or is not needed) it verifies the actual contents of the block.
+
+The verifier function will take a couple of different forms, depending on
+whether the magic number can be used to determine the format of the block. In
+the case it can't, the code is structured as follows:
+
+[source ,c]
+----
+static bool
+xfs_foo_verify(
+ struct xfs_buf *bp)
+{
+ struct xfs_mount *mp = bp->b_target->bt_mount;
+ struct xfs_ondisk_hdr *hdr = bp->b_addr;
+
+ if (hdr->magic != cpu_to_be32(XFS_FOO_MAGIC))
+ return false;
+
+ if (!xfs_sb_version_hascrc(&mp->m_sb)) {
+ if (!uuid_equal(&hdr->uuid, &mp->m_sb.sb_uuid))
+ return false;
+ if (bp->b_bn != be64_to_cpu(hdr->blkno))
+ return false;
+ if (hdr->owner == 0)
+ return false;
+ }
+
+ /* object specific verification checks here */
+
+ return true;
+}
+----
+
+If there are different magic numbers for the different formats, the verifier
+will look like:
+
+[source ,c]
+----
+static bool
+xfs_foo_verify(
+ struct xfs_buf *bp)
+{
+ struct xfs_mount *mp = bp->b_target->bt_mount;
+ struct xfs_ondisk_hdr *hdr = bp->b_addr;
+
+ if (hdr->magic == cpu_to_be32(XFS_FOO_CRC_MAGIC)) {
+ if (!uuid_equal(&hdr->uuid, &mp->m_sb.sb_uuid))
+ return false;
+ if (bp->b_bn != be64_to_cpu(hdr->blkno))
+ return false;
+ if (hdr->owner == 0)
+ return false;
+ } else if (hdr->magic != cpu_to_be32(XFS_FOO_MAGIC))
+ return false;
+
+ /* object specific verification checks here */
+
+ return true;
+}
+----
+
+Write verifiers are very similar to the read verifiers, they just do things in
+the opposite order to the read verifiers. A typical write verifier:
+
+[source ,c]
+----
+static void
+xfs_foo_write_verify(
+ struct xfs_buf *bp)
+{
+ struct xfs_mount *mp = bp->b_target->bt_mount;
+ struct xfs_buf_log_item *bip = bp->b_fspriv;
+
+ if (!xfs_foo_verify(bp)) {
+ XFS_CORRUPTION_ERROR(__func__, XFS_ERRLEVEL_LOW, mp, bp->b_addr);
+ xfs_buf_ioerror(bp, EFSCORRUPTED);
+ return;
+ }
+
+ if (!xfs_sb_version_hascrc(&mp->m_sb))
+ return;
+
+
+ if (bip) {
+ struct xfs_ondisk_hdr *hdr = bp->b_addr;
+ hdr->lsn = cpu_to_be64(bip->bli_item.li_lsn);
+ }
+ xfs_update_cksum(bp->b_addr, BBTOB(bp->b_length), XFS_FOO_CRC_OFF);
+}
+----
+
+This will verify the internal structure of the metadata before we go any
+further, detecting corruptions that have occurred as the metadata has been
+modified in memory. If the metadata verifies OK, and CRCs are enabled, we then
+update the LSN field (when it was last modified) and calculate the CRC on the
+metadata. Once this is done, we can issue the IO.
+
+== Inodes and Dquots
+
+Inodes and dquots are special snowflakes. They have per-object CRC and
+self-identifiers, but they are packed so that there are multiple objects per
+buffer. Hence we do not use per-buffer verifiers to do the work of per-object
+verification and CRC calculations. The per-buffer verifiers simply perform basic
+identification of the buffer - that they contain inodes or dquots, and that
+there are magic numbers in all the expected spots. All further CRC and
+verification checks are done when each inode is read from or written back to the
+buffer.
+
+The structure of the verifiers and the identifiers checks is very similar to the
+buffer code described above. The only difference is where they are called. For
+example, inode read verification is done in xfs_iread() when the inode is first
+read out of the buffer and the struct xfs_inode is instantiated. The inode is
+already extensively verified during writeback in xfs_iflush_int, so the only
+addition here is to add the LSN and CRC to the inode as it is copied back into
+the buffer.
+
diff --git a/design/XFS_Filesystem_Structure/xfs_filesystem_structure.asciidoc b/design/XFS_Filesystem_Structure/xfs_filesystem_structure.asciidoc
index 7bdfade..15ab185 100644
--- a/design/XFS_Filesystem_Structure/xfs_filesystem_structure.asciidoc
+++ b/design/XFS_Filesystem_Structure/xfs_filesystem_structure.asciidoc
@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@ include::overview.asciidoc[]
include::metadata_integrity.asciidoc[]
+include::self_describing_metadata.asciidoc[]
+
include::delayed_logging.asciidoc[]
include::reflink.asciidoc[]
diff --git a/design/xfs-self-describing-metadata.asciidoc b/design/xfs-self-describing-metadata.asciidoc
deleted file mode 100644
index b7dc3ff..0000000
--- a/design/xfs-self-describing-metadata.asciidoc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,356 +0,0 @@
-= XFS Self Describing Metadata
-Dave Chinner, <dchinner@xxxxxxxxxx>
-v1.0, Feb 2014: Initial conversion to asciidoc
-
-== Introduction
-
-The largest scalability problem facing XFS is not one of algorithmic
-scalability, but of verification of the filesystem structure. Scalabilty of the
-structures and indexes on disk and the algorithms for iterating them are
-adequate for supporting PB scale filesystems with billions of inodes, however it
-is this very scalability that causes the verification problem.
-
-Almost all metadata on XFS is dynamically allocated. The only fixed location
-metadata is the allocation group headers (SB, AGF, AGFL and AGI), while all
-other metadata structures need to be discovered by walking the filesystem
-structure in different ways. While this is already done by userspace tools for
-validating and repairing the structure, there are limits to what they can
-verify, and this in turn limits the supportable size of an XFS filesystem.
-
-For example, it is entirely possible to manually use xfs_db and a bit of
-scripting to analyse the structure of a 100TB filesystem when trying to
-determine the root cause of a corruption problem, but it is still mainly a
-manual task of verifying that things like single bit errors or misplaced writes
-weren't the ultimate cause of a corruption event. It may take a few hours to a
-few days to perform such forensic analysis, so for at this scale root cause
-analysis is entirely possible.
-
-However, if we scale the filesystem up to 1PB, we now have 10x as much metadata
-to analyse and so that analysis blows out towards weeks/months of forensic work.
-Most of the analysis work is slow and tedious, so as the amount of analysis goes
-up, the more likely that the cause will be lost in the noise. Hence the primary
-concern for supporting PB scale filesystems is minimising the time and effort
-required for basic forensic analysis of the filesystem structure.
-
-
-== Self Describing Metadata
-
-One of the problems with the current metadata format is that apart from the
-magic number in the metadata block, we have no other way of identifying what it
-is supposed to be. We can't even identify if it is the right place. Put simply,
-you can't look at a single metadata block in isolation and say "yes, it is
-supposed to be there and the contents are valid".
-
-Hence most of the time spent on forensic analysis is spent doing basic
-verification of metadata values, looking for values that are in range (and hence
-not detected by automated verification checks) but are not correct. Finding and
-understanding how things like cross linked block lists (e.g. sibling
-pointers in a btree end up with loops in them) are the key to understanding what
-went wrong, but it is impossible to tell what order the blocks were linked into
-each other or written to disk after the fact.
-
-Hence we need to record more information into the metadata to allow us to
-quickly determine if the metadata is intact and can be ignored for the purpose
-of analysis. We can't protect against every possible type of error, but we can
-ensure that common types of errors are easily detectable. Hence the concept of
-self describing metadata.
-
-The first, fundamental requirement of self describing metadata is that the
-metadata object contains some form of unique identifier in a well known
-location. This allows us to identify the expected contents of the block and
-hence parse and verify the metadata object. IF we can't independently identify
-the type of metadata in the object, then the metadata doesn't describe itself
-very well at all!
-
-Luckily, almost all XFS metadata has magic numbers embedded already - only the
-AGFL, remote symlinks and remote attribute blocks do not contain identifying
-magic numbers. Hence we can change the on-disk format of all these objects to
-add more identifying information and detect this simply by changing the magic
-numbers in the metadata objects. That is, if it has the current magic number,
-the metadata isn't self identifying. If it contains a new magic number, it is
-self identifying and we can do much more expansive automated verification of the
-metadata object at runtime, during forensic analysis or repair.
-
-As a primary concern, self describing metadata needs some form of overall
-integrity checking. We cannot trust the metadata if we cannot verify that it has
-not been changed as a result of external influences. Hence we need some form of
-integrity check, and this is done by adding CRC32c validation to the metadata
-block. If we can verify the block contains the metadata it was intended to
-contain, a large amount of the manual verification work can be skipped.
-
-CRC32c was selected as metadata cannot be more than 64k in length in XFS and
-hence a 32 bit CRC is more than sufficient to detect multi-bit errors in
-metadata blocks. CRC32c is also now hardware accelerated on common CPUs so it is
-fast. So while CRC32c is not the strongest of possible integrity checks that
-could be used, it is more than sufficient for our needs and has relatively
-little overhead. Adding support for larger integrity fields and/or algorithms
-does really provide any extra value over CRC32c, but it does add a lot of
-complexity and so there is no provision for changing the integrity checking
-mechanism.
-
-Self describing metadata needs to contain enough information so that the
-metadata block can be verified as being in the correct place without needing to
-look at any other metadata. This means it needs to contain location information.
-Just adding a block number to the metadata is not sufficient to protect against
-mis-directed writes - a write might be misdirected to the wrong LUN and so be
-written to the "correct block" of the wrong filesystem. Hence location
-information must contain a filesystem identifier as well as a block number.
-
-Another key information point in forensic analysis is knowing who the metadata
-block belongs to. We already know the type, the location, that it is valid
-and/or corrupted, and how long ago that it was last modified. Knowing the owner
-of the block is important as it allows us to find other related metadata to
-determine the scope of the corruption. For example, if we have a extent btree
-object, we don't know what inode it belongs to and hence have to walk the entire
-filesystem to find the owner of the block. Worse, the corruption could mean that
-no owner can be found (i.e. it's an orphan block), and so without an owner field
-in the metadata we have no idea of the scope of the corruption. If we have an
-owner field in the metadata object, we can immediately do top down validation to
-determine the scope of the problem.
-
-Different types of metadata have different owner identifiers. For example,
-directory, attribute and extent tree blocks are all owned by an inode, whilst
-freespace btree blocks are owned by an allocation group. Hence the size and
-contents of the owner field are determined by the type of metadata object we are
-looking at. The owner information can also identify misplaced writes (e.g.
-freespace btree block written to the wrong AG).
-
-Self describing metadata also needs to contain some indication of when it was
-written to the filesystem. One of the key information points when doing forensic
-analysis is how recently the block was modified. Correlation of set of corrupted
-metadata blocks based on modification times is important as it can indicate
-whether the corruptions are related, whether there's been multiple corruption
-events that lead to the eventual failure, and even whether there are corruptions
-present that the run-time verification is not detecting.
-
-For example, we can determine whether a metadata object is supposed to be free
-space or still allocated if it is still referenced by its owner by looking at
-when the free space btree block that contains the block was last written
-compared to when the metadata object itself was last written. If the free space
-block is more recent than the object and the object's owner, then there is a
-very good chance that the block should have been removed from the owner.
-
-To provide this "written timestamp", each metadata block gets the Log Sequence
-Number (LSN) of the most recent transaction it was modified on written into it.
-This number will always increase over the life of the filesystem, and the only
-thing that resets it is running xfs_repair on the filesystem. Further, by use of
-the LSN we can tell if the corrupted metadata all belonged to the same log
-checkpoint and hence have some idea of how much modification occurred between
-the first and last instance of corrupt metadata on disk and, further, how much
-modification occurred between the corruption being written and when it was
-detected.
-
-== Runtime Validation
-
-Validation of self-describing metadata takes place at runtime in two places:
-
- * immediately after a successful read from disk
- * immediately prior to write IO submission
-
-The verification is completely stateless - it is done independently of the
-modification process, and seeks only to check that the metadata is what it says
-it is and that the metadata fields are within bounds and internally consistent.
-As such, we cannot catch all types of corruption that can occur within a block
-as there may be certain limitations that operational state enforces of the
-metadata, or there may be corruption of interblock relationships (e.g. corrupted
-sibling pointer lists). Hence we still need stateful checking in the main code
-body, but in general most of the per-field validation is handled by the
-verifiers.
-
-For read verification, the caller needs to specify the expected type of metadata
-that it should see, and the IO completion process verifies that the metadata
-object matches what was expected. If the verification process fails, then it
-marks the object being read as EFSCORRUPTED. The caller needs to catch this
-error (same as for IO errors), and if it needs to take special action due to a
-verification error it can do so by catching the EFSCORRUPTED error value. If we
-need more discrimination of error type at higher levels, we can define new
-error numbers for different errors as necessary.
-
-The first step in read verification is checking the magic number and determining
-whether CRC validating is necessary. If it is, the CRC32c is calculated and
-compared against the value stored in the object itself. Once this is validated,
-further checks are made against the location information, followed by extensive
-object specific metadata validation. If any of these checks fail, then the
-buffer is considered corrupt and the EFSCORRUPTED error is set appropriately.
-
-Write verification is the opposite of the read verification - first the object
-is extensively verified and if it is OK we then update the LSN from the last
-modification made to the object, After this, we calculate the CRC and insert it
-into the object. Once this is done the write IO is allowed to continue. If any
-error occurs during this process, the buffer is again marked with a EFSCORRUPTED
-error for the higher layers to catch.
-
-== Structures
-
-A typical on-disk structure needs to contain the following information:
-
-[source ,c]
-----
-struct xfs_ondisk_hdr {
- __be32 magic; /* magic number */
- __be32 crc; /* CRC, not logged */
- uuid_t uuid; /* filesystem identifier */
- __be64 owner; /* parent object */
- __be64 blkno; /* location on disk */
- __be64 lsn; /* last modification in log, not logged */
-};
-----
-
-Depending on the metadata, this information may be part of a header structure
-separate to the metadata contents, or may be distributed through an existing
-structure. The latter occurs with metadata that already contains some of this
-information, such as the superblock and AG headers.
-
-Other metadata may have different formats for the information, but the same
-level of information is generally provided. For example:
-
- * short btree blocks have a 32 bit owner (ag number) and a 32 bit block
- number for location. The two of these combined provide the same
- information as @owner and @blkno in eh above structure, but using 8
- bytes less space on disk.
-
- * directory/attribute node blocks have a 16 bit magic number, and the
- header that contains the magic number has other information in it as
- well. hence the additional metadata headers change the overall format
- of the metadata.
-
-A typical buffer read verifier is structured as follows:
-
-[source ,c]
-----
-#define XFS_FOO_CRC_OFF offsetof(struct xfs_ondisk_hdr, crc)
-
-static void
-xfs_foo_read_verify(
- struct xfs_buf *bp)
-{
- struct xfs_mount *mp = bp->b_target->bt_mount;
-
- if ((xfs_sb_version_hascrc(&mp->m_sb) &&
- !xfs_verify_cksum(bp->b_addr, BBTOB(bp->b_length),
- XFS_FOO_CRC_OFF)) ||
- !xfs_foo_verify(bp)) {
- XFS_CORRUPTION_ERROR(__func__, XFS_ERRLEVEL_LOW, mp, bp->b_addr);
- xfs_buf_ioerror(bp, EFSCORRUPTED);
- }
-}
-----
-
-The code ensures that the CRC is only checked if the filesystem has CRCs enabled
-by checking the superblock of the feature bit, and then if the CRC verifies OK
-(or is not needed) it verifies the actual contents of the block.
-
-The verifier function will take a couple of different forms, depending on
-whether the magic number can be used to determine the format of the block. In
-the case it can't, the code is structured as follows:
-
-[source ,c]
-----
-static bool
-xfs_foo_verify(
- struct xfs_buf *bp)
-{
- struct xfs_mount *mp = bp->b_target->bt_mount;
- struct xfs_ondisk_hdr *hdr = bp->b_addr;
-
- if (hdr->magic != cpu_to_be32(XFS_FOO_MAGIC))
- return false;
-
- if (!xfs_sb_version_hascrc(&mp->m_sb)) {
- if (!uuid_equal(&hdr->uuid, &mp->m_sb.sb_uuid))
- return false;
- if (bp->b_bn != be64_to_cpu(hdr->blkno))
- return false;
- if (hdr->owner == 0)
- return false;
- }
-
- /* object specific verification checks here */
-
- return true;
-}
-----
-
-If there are different magic numbers for the different formats, the verifier
-will look like:
-
-[source ,c]
-----
-static bool
-xfs_foo_verify(
- struct xfs_buf *bp)
-{
- struct xfs_mount *mp = bp->b_target->bt_mount;
- struct xfs_ondisk_hdr *hdr = bp->b_addr;
-
- if (hdr->magic == cpu_to_be32(XFS_FOO_CRC_MAGIC)) {
- if (!uuid_equal(&hdr->uuid, &mp->m_sb.sb_uuid))
- return false;
- if (bp->b_bn != be64_to_cpu(hdr->blkno))
- return false;
- if (hdr->owner == 0)
- return false;
- } else if (hdr->magic != cpu_to_be32(XFS_FOO_MAGIC))
- return false;
-
- /* object specific verification checks here */
-
- return true;
-}
-----
-
-Write verifiers are very similar to the read verifiers, they just do things in
-the opposite order to the read verifiers. A typical write verifier:
-
-[source ,c]
-----
-static void
-xfs_foo_write_verify(
- struct xfs_buf *bp)
-{
- struct xfs_mount *mp = bp->b_target->bt_mount;
- struct xfs_buf_log_item *bip = bp->b_fspriv;
-
- if (!xfs_foo_verify(bp)) {
- XFS_CORRUPTION_ERROR(__func__, XFS_ERRLEVEL_LOW, mp, bp->b_addr);
- xfs_buf_ioerror(bp, EFSCORRUPTED);
- return;
- }
-
- if (!xfs_sb_version_hascrc(&mp->m_sb))
- return;
-
-
- if (bip) {
- struct xfs_ondisk_hdr *hdr = bp->b_addr;
- hdr->lsn = cpu_to_be64(bip->bli_item.li_lsn);
- }
- xfs_update_cksum(bp->b_addr, BBTOB(bp->b_length), XFS_FOO_CRC_OFF);
-}
-----
-
-This will verify the internal structure of the metadata before we go any
-further, detecting corruptions that have occurred as the metadata has been
-modified in memory. If the metadata verifies OK, and CRCs are enabled, we then
-update the LSN field (when it was last modified) and calculate the CRC on the
-metadata. Once this is done, we can issue the IO.
-
-== Inodes and Dquots
-
-Inodes and dquots are special snowflakes. They have per-object CRC and
-self-identifiers, but they are packed so that there are multiple objects per
-buffer. Hence we do not use per-buffer verifiers to do the work of per-object
-verification and CRC calculations. The per-buffer verifiers simply perform basic
-identification of the buffer - that they contain inodes or dquots, and that
-there are magic numbers in all the expected spots. All further CRC and
-verification checks are done when each inode is read from or written back to the
-buffer.
-
-The structure of the verifiers and the identifiers checks is very similar to the
-buffer code described above. The only difference is where they are called. For
-example, inode read verification is done in xfs_iread() when the inode is first
-read out of the buffer and the struct xfs_inode is instantiated. The inode is
-already extensively verified during writeback in xfs_iflush_int, so the only
-addition here is to add the LSN and CRC to the inode as it is copied back into
-the buffer.
-
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