On Mon, 8 Oct 2018, Segher Boessenkool wrote:
> Hi!
>
> On Sun, Oct 07, 2018 at 03:53:26PM +0000, Michael Matz wrote:
> > On Sun, 7 Oct 2018, Segher Boessenkool wrote:
> > > On Sun, Oct 07, 2018 at 11:18:06AM +0200, Borislav Petkov wrote:
> > > > this is an attempt to see whether gcc's inline asm heuristic when
> > > > estimating inline asm statements' cost for better inlining can be
> > > > improved.
> > >
> > > GCC already estimates the *size* of inline asm, and this is required
> > > *for correctness*. So any workaround that works against this will only
> > > end in tears.
> >
> > You're right and wrong. GCC can't even estimate the size of mildly
> > complicated inline asms right now, so your claim of it being necessary for
> > correctness can't be true in this absolute form. I know what you try to
> > say, but still, consider inline asms like this:
> >
> > insn1
> > .section bla
> > insn2
> > .previous
> >
> > or
> > invoke_asm_macro foo,bar
> >
> > in both cases GCCs size estimate will be wrong however you want to count
> > it. This is actually the motivating example for the kernel guys, the
> > games they play within their inline asms make the estimates be wildly
> > wrong to a point it interacts with the inliner.
>
> Right. The manual says:
>
> """
> Some targets require that GCC track the size of each instruction used
> in order to generate correct code. Because the final length of the
> code produced by an @code{asm} statement is only known by the
> assembler, GCC must make an estimate as to how big it will be. It
> does this by counting the number of instructions in the pattern of the
> @code{asm} and multiplying that by the length of the longest
> instruction supported by that processor. (When working out the number
> of instructions, it assumes that any occurrence of a newline or of
> whatever statement separator character is supported by the assembler --
> typically @samp{;} --- indicates the end of an instruction.)
>
> Normally, GCC's estimate is adequate to ensure that correct
> code is generated, but it is possible to confuse the compiler if you use
> pseudo instructions or assembler macros that expand into multiple real
> instructions, or if you use assembler directives that expand to more
> space in the object file than is needed for a single instruction.
> If this happens then the assembler may produce a diagnostic saying that
> a label is unreachable.
> """
>
> It *is* necessary for correctness, except you can do things that can
> confuse the compiler and then you are on your own anyway.
>
> > > So I guess the real issue is that the inline asm size estimate for x86
> > > isn't very good (since it has to be pessimistic, and x86 insns can be
> > > huge)?
> >
> > No, see above, even if we were to improve the size estimates (e.g. based
> > on some average instruction size) the kernel examples would still be off
> > because they switch sections back and forth, use asm macros and computed
> > .fill directives and maybe further stuff. GCC will never be able to
> > accurately calculate these sizes
>
> What *is* such a size, anyway? If it can be spread over multiple sections
> (some of which support section merging), and you can have huge alignments,
> etc. What is needed here is not knowing the maximum size of the binary
> output (however you want to define that), but some way for the compiler
> to understand how bad it is to inline some assembler. Maybe manual
> direction, maybe just the current jeuristics can be tweaked a bit, maybe
> we need to invent some attribute or two.
>
> > (without an built-in assembler which hopefully noone proposes).
>
> Not me, that's for sure.
>
> > So, there is a case for extending the inline-asm facility to say
> > "size is complicated here, assume this for inline decisions".
>
> Yeah, that's an option. It may be too complicated though, or just not
> useful in its generality, so that everyone will use "1" (or "1 normal
> size instruction"), and then we are better off just making something
> for _that_ (or making it the default).
>
> > > > Now, Richard suggested doing something like:
> > > >
> > > > 1) inline asm ("...")
> > >
> > > What would the semantics of this be?
> >
> > The size of the inline asm wouldn't be counted towards the inliner size
> > limits (or be counted as "1").
>
> That sounds like a good option.
Yes, I also like it for simplicity. It also avoids the requirement
of translating the number (in bytes?) given by the user to
"number of GIMPLE instructions" as needed by the inliner.
> > > I don't like 2) either. But 1) looks interesting, depends what its
> > > semantics would be? "Don't count this insn's size for inlining decisions",
> > > maybe?
> >
> > TBH, I like the inline asm (...) suggestion most currently, but what if we
> > want to add more attributes to asms? We could add further special
> > keywords to the clobber list:
> > asm ("...." : : : "cc,memory,inline");
> > sure, it might seem strange to "clobber" inline, but if we reinterpret the
> > clobber list as arbitrary set of attributes for this asm, it'd be fine.
>
> All of a targets register names and alternative register names are
> allowed in the clobber list. Will that never conflict with an attribute
> name? We already *have* syntax for specifying attributes on an asm (on
> *any* statement even), so mixing these two things has no advantage.
Heh, but I failed to make an example with attribute synatx working.
IIRC attributes do not work on stmts. What could work is to use
a #pragma though.
Richard.
> Both "cc" and "memory" have their own problems of course, adding more
> things to this just feels bad. It may not be so bad ;-)
>
> > > Another option is to just force inlining for those few functions where
> > > GCC currently makes an inlining decision you don't like. Or are there
> > > more than a few?
> >
> > I think the examples I saw from Boris were all indirect inlines:
> >
> > static inline void foo() { asm("large-looking-but-small-asm"); }
> > static void bar1() { ... foo() ... }
> > static void bar2() { ... foo() ... }
> > void goo (void) { bar1(); } // bar1 should have been inlined
> >
> > So, while the immediate asm user was marked as always inline that in turn
> > caused users of it to become non-inlined. I'm assuming the kernel guys
> > did proper measurements that they _really_ get some non-trivial speed
> > benefit by inlining bar1/bar2, but for some reasons (I didn't inquire)
> > didn't want to mark them all as inline as well.
>
> Yeah that makes sense, like if this happens with the fixup stuff, it will
> quickly spiral out of control.
