On Friday 16 January 2009 18:00:43 Andrew Morton wrote:
> On Fri, 16 Jan 2009 17:46:23 +1100 Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@xxxxxxxxxxxx>
> > SLQB tends to be the winner here.
>
> Can you think of anything with which it will be the loser?
Here are some more performance numbers with "slub_test" kernel module.
It's basically a really tiny microbenchmark, so I don't really consider
it gives too useful results, except it does show up some problems in
SLAB's scalability that may start to bite as we continue to get more
threads per socket.
(I ran a few of these tests on one of Dave's 2 socket, 128 thread
systems, and slab gets really painful... these kinds of thread counts
may only be a couple of years away from x86).
All numbers are in CPU cycles.
Single thread testing
=====================
1. Kmalloc: Repeatedly allocate 10000 objs then free them
obj size SLAB SLQB SLUB
8 77+ 128 69+ 47 61+ 77
16 69+ 104 116+ 70 77+ 80
32 66+ 101 82+ 81 71+ 89
64 82+ 116 95+ 81 94+105
128 100+ 148 106+ 94 114+163
256 153+ 136 134+ 98 124+186
512 209+ 161 170+186 134+276
1024 331+ 249 236+245 134+283
2048 608+ 443 380+386 172+312
4096 1109+ 624 678+661 239+372
8192 1166+1077 767+683 535+433
16384 1213+1160 914+731 577+682
We can see SLAB has a fair bit more overhead in this case. SLUB starts
doing higher order allocations I think around size 256, which reduces
costs there. Don't know what the SLQB artifact at 16 is caused by...
2. Kmalloc: alloc/free test (repeatedly allocate and free)
SLAB SLQB SLUB
8 98 90 94
16 98 90 93
32 98 90 93
64 99 90 94
128 100 92 93
256 104 93 95
512 105 94 97
1024 106 93 97
2048 107 95 95
4096 111 92 97
8192 111 94 631
16384 114 92 741
Here we see SLUB's allocator passthrough (or is the the lack of queueing?).
Straight line speed at small sizes is probably due to instructions in the
fastpaths. It's pretty meaningless though because it probably changes if
there is any actual load on the CPU, or another CPU architecture. Doesn't
look bad for SLQB though :)
Concurrent allocs
=================
1. Like the first single thread test, lots of allocs, then lots of frees.
But running on all CPUs. Average over all CPUs.
SLAB SLQB SLUB
8 251+ 322 73+ 47 65+ 76
16 240+ 331 84+ 53 67+ 82
32 235+ 316 94+ 57 77+ 92
64 338+ 303 120+ 66 105+ 136
128 549+ 355 139+ 166 127+ 344
256 1129+ 456 189+ 178 236+ 404
512 2085+ 872 240+ 217 244+ 419
1024 3895+1373 347+ 333 251+ 440
2048 7725+2579 616+ 695 373+ 588
4096 15320+4534 1245+1442 689+1002
A problem with SLAB scalability starts showing up on this system with only
4 threads per socket. Again, SLUB sees a benefit from higher order
allocations.
2. Same as 2nd single threaded test, alloc then free, on all CPUs.
SLAB SLQB SLUB
8 99 90 93
16 99 90 93
32 99 90 93
64 100 91 94
128 102 90 93
256 105 94 97
512 106 93 97
1024 108 93 97
2048 109 93 96
4096 110 93 96
No surprises. Objects always fit in queues (or unqueues, in the case of
SLUB), so there is no cross cache traffic.
Remote free test
================
1. Allocate N objects on CPUs 1-7, then free them all from CPU 0. Average cost
of all kmalloc+kfree
SLAB SLQB SLUB
8 191+ 142 53+ 64 56+99
16 180+ 141 82+ 69 60+117
32 173+ 142 100+ 71 78+151
64 240+ 147 131+ 73 117+216
128 441+ 162 158+114 114+251
256 833+ 181 179+119 185+263
512 1546+ 243 220+132 194+292
1024 2886+ 341 299+135 201+312
2048 5737+ 577 517+139 291+370
4096 11288+1201 976+153 528+482
2. All CPUs allocate on objects on CPU N, then freed by CPU N+1 % NR_CPUS
(ie. CPU1 frees objects allocated by CPU0).
SLAB SLQB SLUB
8 236+ 331 72+123 64+ 114
16 232+ 345 80+125 71+ 139
32 227+ 342 85+134 82+ 183
64 324+ 336 140+138 111+ 219
128 569+ 384 245+201 145+ 337
256 1111+ 448 243+222 238+ 447
512 2091+ 871 249+244 247+ 470
1024 3923+1593 254+256 254+ 503
2048 7700+2968 273+277 369+ 699
4096 15154+5061 310+323 693+1220
SLAB's concurrent allocation bottlnecks show up again in these tests.
Unfortunately these are not too realistic tests of remote freeing pattern,
because normally you would expect remote freeing and allocation happening
concurrently, rather than all allocations up front, then all frees. If
the test behaved like that, then object could probably fit in SLAB's
queues and it might see some good numbers.
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