On Wed 2017-01-18 17:29:05, Laura Abbott wrote: > > Despite the word 'debug' in CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA, this kernel option > provides key security features that are to be expected on a modern > system. Change the name to CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS which more > accurately describes what this option is intended to do. I think this is bad change. CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA is describing what it does, CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS is advertising. We don't do advertising, and we don't force people to re-answer the config questions without good reason. CONFIG_HARDENED_RODATA might fix the first problem, but not the second one. Pavel > Signed-off-by: Laura Abbott <labbott@xxxxxxxxxx> > --- > Documentation/DocBook/kgdb.tmpl | 8 ++++---- > Documentation/security/self-protection.txt | 2 +- > arch/arm/Kconfig | 1 + > arch/arm/configs/aspeed_g4_defconfig | 2 +- > arch/arm/configs/aspeed_g5_defconfig | 2 +- > arch/arm/include/asm/cacheflush.h | 2 +- > arch/arm/kernel/patch.c | 2 +- > arch/arm/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S | 8 ++++---- > arch/arm/mm/Kconfig | 14 +------------- > arch/arm/mm/init.c | 4 ++-- > arch/arm64/Kconfig | 4 +--- > arch/arm64/Kconfig.debug | 2 +- > arch/parisc/Kconfig | 1 + > arch/parisc/Kconfig.debug | 11 ----------- > arch/parisc/configs/712_defconfig | 2 +- > arch/parisc/configs/c3000_defconfig | 2 +- > arch/parisc/mm/init.c | 2 +- > arch/s390/Kconfig | 4 +--- > arch/x86/Kconfig | 4 +--- > include/linux/init.h | 4 ++-- > init/main.c | 4 ++-- > kernel/configs/android-recommended.config | 2 +- > kernel/power/hibernate.c | 2 +- > kernel/power/power.h | 4 ++-- > kernel/power/snapshot.c | 4 ++-- > security/Kconfig | 16 ++++++++++++++++ > 26 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-) > > diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/kgdb.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/kgdb.tmpl > index f3abca7..a79b638 100644 > --- a/Documentation/DocBook/kgdb.tmpl > +++ b/Documentation/DocBook/kgdb.tmpl > @@ -115,12 +115,12 @@ > </para> > <para> > If the architecture that you are using supports the kernel option > - CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA, you should consider turning it off. This > + CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS, you should consider turning it off. This > option will prevent the use of software breakpoints because it > marks certain regions of the kernel's memory space as read-only. > If kgdb supports it for the architecture you are using, you can > use hardware breakpoints if you desire to run with the > - CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA option turned on, else you need to turn off > + CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS option turned on, else you need to turn off > this option. > </para> > <para> > @@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ > <para>Here is an example set of .config symbols to enable or > disable for kgdb: > <itemizedlist> > - <listitem><para># CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA is not set</para></listitem> > + <listitem><para># CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS is not set</para></listitem> > <listitem><para>CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER=y</para></listitem> > <listitem><para>CONFIG_KGDB=y</para></listitem> > <listitem><para>CONFIG_KGDB_SERIAL_CONSOLE=y</para></listitem> > @@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ > </para> > <para>Here is an example set of .config symbols to enable/disable kdb: > <itemizedlist> > - <listitem><para># CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA is not set</para></listitem> > + <listitem><para># CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS is not set</para></listitem> > <listitem><para>CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER=y</para></listitem> > <listitem><para>CONFIG_KGDB=y</para></listitem> > <listitem><para>CONFIG_KGDB_SERIAL_CONSOLE=y</para></listitem> > diff --git a/Documentation/security/self-protection.txt b/Documentation/security/self-protection.txt > index 3010576..da8cb36 100644 > --- a/Documentation/security/self-protection.txt > +++ b/Documentation/security/self-protection.txt > @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ kernel, they are implemented in a way where the memory is temporarily > made writable during the update, and then returned to the original > permissions.) > > -In support of this are (the poorly named) CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA and > +In support of this are CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS and > CONFIG_DEBUG_SET_MODULE_RONX, which seek to make sure that code is not > writable, data is not executable, and read-only data is neither writable > nor executable. > diff --git a/arch/arm/Kconfig b/arch/arm/Kconfig > index 186c4c2..09aff28 100644 > --- a/arch/arm/Kconfig > +++ b/arch/arm/Kconfig > @@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ config ARM > select ARCH_HAS_TICK_BROADCAST if GENERIC_CLOCKEVENTS_BROADCAST > select ARCH_HAVE_CUSTOM_GPIO_H > select ARCH_HAS_GCOV_PROFILE_ALL > + select ARCH_HAS_HARDENED_MAPPINGS if MMU && !XIP_KERNEL > select ARCH_MIGHT_HAVE_PC_PARPORT > select ARCH_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_RMW > select ARCH_USE_BUILTIN_BSWAP > diff --git a/arch/arm/configs/aspeed_g4_defconfig b/arch/arm/configs/aspeed_g4_defconfig > index ca39c04..8ccc216 100644 > --- a/arch/arm/configs/aspeed_g4_defconfig > +++ b/arch/arm/configs/aspeed_g4_defconfig > @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ CONFIG_MODULE_UNLOAD=y > # CONFIG_ARCH_MULTI_V7 is not set > CONFIG_ARCH_ASPEED=y > CONFIG_MACH_ASPEED_G4=y > -CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA=y > +CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS=y > CONFIG_AEABI=y > CONFIG_UACCESS_WITH_MEMCPY=y > CONFIG_SECCOMP=y > diff --git a/arch/arm/configs/aspeed_g5_defconfig b/arch/arm/configs/aspeed_g5_defconfig > index 4f366b0..90c5ce4 100644 > --- a/arch/arm/configs/aspeed_g5_defconfig > +++ b/arch/arm/configs/aspeed_g5_defconfig > @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ CONFIG_ARCH_MULTI_V6=y > # CONFIG_ARCH_MULTI_V7 is not set > CONFIG_ARCH_ASPEED=y > CONFIG_MACH_ASPEED_G5=y > -CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA=y > +CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS=y > CONFIG_AEABI=y > CONFIG_UACCESS_WITH_MEMCPY=y > CONFIG_SECCOMP=y > diff --git a/arch/arm/include/asm/cacheflush.h b/arch/arm/include/asm/cacheflush.h > index bdd283b..c3a7a72 100644 > --- a/arch/arm/include/asm/cacheflush.h > +++ b/arch/arm/include/asm/cacheflush.h > @@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ static inline int set_memory_x(unsigned long addr, int numpages) { return 0; } > static inline int set_memory_nx(unsigned long addr, int numpages) { return 0; } > #endif > > -#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA > +#ifdef CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS > void set_kernel_text_rw(void); > void set_kernel_text_ro(void); > #else > diff --git a/arch/arm/kernel/patch.c b/arch/arm/kernel/patch.c > index 69bda1a..9da1bf5 100644 > --- a/arch/arm/kernel/patch.c > +++ b/arch/arm/kernel/patch.c > @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ static void __kprobes *patch_map(void *addr, int fixmap, unsigned long *flags) > > if (module && IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_DEBUG_SET_MODULE_RONX)) > page = vmalloc_to_page(addr); > - else if (!module && IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA)) > + else if (!module && IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS)) > page = virt_to_page(addr); > else > return addr; > diff --git a/arch/arm/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S b/arch/arm/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S > index f7f55df..5c6a2e8 100644 > --- a/arch/arm/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S > +++ b/arch/arm/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S > @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ SECTIONS > HEAD_TEXT > } > > -#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA > +#ifdef CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS > . = ALIGN(1<<SECTION_SHIFT); > #endif > > @@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ SECTIONS > > NOTES > > -#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA > +#ifdef CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS > . = ALIGN(1<<SECTION_SHIFT); > #else > . = ALIGN(PAGE_SIZE); > @@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ SECTIONS > PERCPU_SECTION(L1_CACHE_BYTES) > #endif > > -#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA > +#ifdef CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS > . = ALIGN(1<<SECTION_SHIFT); > #else > . = ALIGN(THREAD_SIZE); > @@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ SECTIONS > STABS_DEBUG > } > > -#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA > +#ifdef CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS > /* > * Without CONFIG_DEBUG_ALIGN_RODATA, __start_rodata_section_aligned will > * be the first section-aligned location after __start_rodata. Otherwise, > diff --git a/arch/arm/mm/Kconfig b/arch/arm/mm/Kconfig > index f68e8ec..e770dc9 100644 > --- a/arch/arm/mm/Kconfig > +++ b/arch/arm/mm/Kconfig > @@ -1051,21 +1051,9 @@ config ARCH_SUPPORTS_BIG_ENDIAN > This option specifies the architecture can support big endian > operation. > > -config DEBUG_RODATA > - bool "Make kernel text and rodata read-only" > - depends on MMU && !XIP_KERNEL > - default y if CPU_V7 > - help > - If this is set, kernel text and rodata memory will be made > - read-only, and non-text kernel memory will be made non-executable. > - The tradeoff is that each region is padded to section-size (1MiB) > - boundaries (because their permissions are different and splitting > - the 1M pages into 4K ones causes TLB performance problems), which > - can waste memory. > - > config DEBUG_ALIGN_RODATA > bool "Make rodata strictly non-executable" > - depends on DEBUG_RODATA > + depends on HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS > default y > help > If this is set, rodata will be made explicitly non-executable. This > diff --git a/arch/arm/mm/init.c b/arch/arm/mm/init.c > index 370581a..303bee4 100644 > --- a/arch/arm/mm/init.c > +++ b/arch/arm/mm/init.c > @@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ void __init mem_init(void) > } > } > > -#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA > +#ifdef CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS > struct section_perm { > const char *name; > unsigned long start; > @@ -741,7 +741,7 @@ void set_kernel_text_ro(void) > > #else > static inline void fix_kernmem_perms(void) { } > -#endif /* CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA */ > +#endif /* CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS */ > > void free_tcmmem(void) > { > diff --git a/arch/arm64/Kconfig b/arch/arm64/Kconfig > index 1117421..06fed56 100644 > --- a/arch/arm64/Kconfig > +++ b/arch/arm64/Kconfig > @@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ config ARM64 > select ARCH_HAS_ELF_RANDOMIZE > select ARCH_HAS_GCOV_PROFILE_ALL > select ARCH_HAS_GIGANTIC_PAGE > + select ARCH_HAS_HARDENED_MAPPINGS > select ARCH_HAS_KCOV > select ARCH_HAS_SG_CHAIN > select ARCH_HAS_TICK_BROADCAST if GENERIC_CLOCKEVENTS_BROADCAST > @@ -123,9 +124,6 @@ config ARCH_PHYS_ADDR_T_64BIT > config MMU > def_bool y > > -config DEBUG_RODATA > - def_bool y > - > config ARM64_PAGE_SHIFT > int > default 16 if ARM64_64K_PAGES > diff --git a/arch/arm64/Kconfig.debug b/arch/arm64/Kconfig.debug > index d1ebd46..a26d27f 100644 > --- a/arch/arm64/Kconfig.debug > +++ b/arch/arm64/Kconfig.debug > @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ config DEBUG_SET_MODULE_RONX > If in doubt, say Y. > > config DEBUG_ALIGN_RODATA > - depends on DEBUG_RODATA > + depends on ARCH_HAS_HARDENED_MAPPINGS > bool "Align linker sections up to SECTION_SIZE" > help > If this option is enabled, sections that may potentially be marked as > diff --git a/arch/parisc/Kconfig b/arch/parisc/Kconfig > index 3a71f38..7c73eaa 100644 > --- a/arch/parisc/Kconfig > +++ b/arch/parisc/Kconfig > @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ config PARISC > select HAVE_SYSCALL_TRACEPOINTS > select ARCH_WANT_FRAME_POINTERS > select ARCH_HAS_ELF_RANDOMIZE > + select ARCH_HAS_HARDENED_MAPPINGS > select RTC_CLASS > select RTC_DRV_GENERIC > select INIT_ALL_POSSIBLE > diff --git a/arch/parisc/Kconfig.debug b/arch/parisc/Kconfig.debug > index 68b7cbd..0d856b9 100644 > --- a/arch/parisc/Kconfig.debug > +++ b/arch/parisc/Kconfig.debug > @@ -5,15 +5,4 @@ source "lib/Kconfig.debug" > config TRACE_IRQFLAGS_SUPPORT > def_bool y > > -config DEBUG_RODATA > - bool "Write protect kernel read-only data structures" > - depends on DEBUG_KERNEL > - default y > - help > - Mark the kernel read-only data as write-protected in the pagetables, > - in order to catch accidental (and incorrect) writes to such const > - data. This option may have a slight performance impact because a > - portion of the kernel code won't be covered by a TLB anymore. > - If in doubt, say "N". > - > endmenu > diff --git a/arch/parisc/configs/712_defconfig b/arch/parisc/configs/712_defconfig > index db8f56b..f1a4732 100644 > --- a/arch/parisc/configs/712_defconfig > +++ b/arch/parisc/configs/712_defconfig > @@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ CONFIG_DEBUG_FS=y > CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL=y > CONFIG_DEBUG_MUTEXES=y > # CONFIG_RCU_CPU_STALL_DETECTOR is not set > -CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA=y > +CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS=y > CONFIG_CRYPTO_NULL=m > CONFIG_CRYPTO_TEST=m > CONFIG_CRYPTO_HMAC=y > diff --git a/arch/parisc/configs/c3000_defconfig b/arch/parisc/configs/c3000_defconfig > index fb92b89..03e88e2 100644 > --- a/arch/parisc/configs/c3000_defconfig > +++ b/arch/parisc/configs/c3000_defconfig > @@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL=y > CONFIG_DEBUG_MUTEXES=y > # CONFIG_DEBUG_BUGVERBOSE is not set > # CONFIG_RCU_CPU_STALL_DETECTOR is not set > -CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA=y > +CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS=y > CONFIG_CRYPTO_NULL=m > CONFIG_CRYPTO_TEST=m > CONFIG_CRYPTO_MD5=m > diff --git a/arch/parisc/mm/init.c b/arch/parisc/mm/init.c > index e02ada3..f76f8ad 100644 > --- a/arch/parisc/mm/init.c > +++ b/arch/parisc/mm/init.c > @@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ void free_initmem(void) > } > > > -#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA > +#ifdef CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS > void mark_rodata_ro(void) > { > /* rodata memory was already mapped with KERNEL_RO access rights by > diff --git a/arch/s390/Kconfig b/arch/s390/Kconfig > index c6722112..8e70ae5 100644 > --- a/arch/s390/Kconfig > +++ b/arch/s390/Kconfig > @@ -62,15 +62,13 @@ config PCI_QUIRKS > config ARCH_SUPPORTS_UPROBES > def_bool y > > -config DEBUG_RODATA > - def_bool y > - > config S390 > def_bool y > select ARCH_HAS_DEVMEM_IS_ALLOWED > select ARCH_HAS_ELF_RANDOMIZE > select ARCH_HAS_GCOV_PROFILE_ALL > select ARCH_HAS_GIGANTIC_PAGE > + select ARCH_HAS_HARDENED_MAPPINGS > select ARCH_HAS_KCOV > select ARCH_HAS_SG_CHAIN > select ARCH_HAS_UBSAN_SANITIZE_ALL > diff --git a/arch/x86/Kconfig b/arch/x86/Kconfig > index e487493..9d80cd8 100644 > --- a/arch/x86/Kconfig > +++ b/arch/x86/Kconfig > @@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ config X86 > select ARCH_HAS_ELF_RANDOMIZE > select ARCH_HAS_FAST_MULTIPLIER > select ARCH_HAS_GCOV_PROFILE_ALL > + select ARCH_HAS_HARDENED_MAPPINGS > select ARCH_HAS_KCOV if X86_64 > select ARCH_HAS_MMIO_FLUSH > select ARCH_HAS_PMEM_API if X86_64 > @@ -309,9 +310,6 @@ config ARCH_SUPPORTS_UPROBES > config FIX_EARLYCON_MEM > def_bool y > > -config DEBUG_RODATA > - def_bool y > - > config PGTABLE_LEVELS > int > default 4 if X86_64 > diff --git a/include/linux/init.h b/include/linux/init.h > index 885c3e6..9967bc9 100644 > --- a/include/linux/init.h > +++ b/include/linux/init.h > @@ -126,10 +126,10 @@ void prepare_namespace(void); > void __init load_default_modules(void); > int __init init_rootfs(void); > > -#if defined(CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA) || defined(CONFIG_DEBUG_SET_MODULE_RONX) > +#if defined(CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS) || defined(CONFIG_DEBUG_SET_MODULE_RONX) > extern bool rodata_enabled; > #endif > -#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA > +#ifdef CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS > void mark_rodata_ro(void); > #endif > > diff --git a/init/main.c b/init/main.c > index b0c9d6f..4b3bcc4 100644 > --- a/init/main.c > +++ b/init/main.c > @@ -925,7 +925,7 @@ static int try_to_run_init_process(const char *init_filename) > > static noinline void __init kernel_init_freeable(void); > > -#if defined(CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA) || defined(CONFIG_DEBUG_SET_MODULE_RONX) > +#if defined(CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS) || defined(CONFIG_DEBUG_SET_MODULE_RONX) > bool rodata_enabled __ro_after_init = true; > static int __init set_debug_rodata(char *str) > { > @@ -934,7 +934,7 @@ static int __init set_debug_rodata(char *str) > __setup("rodata=", set_debug_rodata); > #endif > > -#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA > +#ifdef CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS > static void mark_readonly(void) > { > if (rodata_enabled) > diff --git a/kernel/configs/android-recommended.config b/kernel/configs/android-recommended.config > index 297756b..b796bc8 100644 > --- a/kernel/configs/android-recommended.config > +++ b/kernel/configs/android-recommended.config > @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ CONFIG_BLK_DEV_LOOP=y > CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM=y > CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM_SIZE=8192 > CONFIG_COMPACTION=y > -CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA=y > +CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS=y > CONFIG_DM_CRYPT=y > CONFIG_DM_UEVENT=y > CONFIG_DM_VERITY=y > diff --git a/kernel/power/hibernate.c b/kernel/power/hibernate.c > index b26dbc4..f7a3ea3 100644 > --- a/kernel/power/hibernate.c > +++ b/kernel/power/hibernate.c > @@ -1156,7 +1156,7 @@ static int __init hibernate_setup(char *str) > } else if (!strncmp(str, "no", 2)) { > noresume = 1; > nohibernate = 1; > - } else if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA) > + } else if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS) > && !strncmp(str, "protect_image", 13)) { > enable_restore_image_protection(); > } > diff --git a/kernel/power/power.h b/kernel/power/power.h > index 1dfa0da..dc2c7b8 100644 > --- a/kernel/power/power.h > +++ b/kernel/power/power.h > @@ -61,12 +61,12 @@ extern int hibernation_snapshot(int platform_mode); > extern int hibernation_restore(int platform_mode); > extern int hibernation_platform_enter(void); > > -#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA > +#ifdef CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS > /* kernel/power/snapshot.c */ > extern void enable_restore_image_protection(void); > #else > static inline void enable_restore_image_protection(void) {} > -#endif /* CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA */ > +#endif /* CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS */ > > #else /* !CONFIG_HIBERNATION */ > > diff --git a/kernel/power/snapshot.c b/kernel/power/snapshot.c > index 2d8e2b2..a7c793e 100644 > --- a/kernel/power/snapshot.c > +++ b/kernel/power/snapshot.c > @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ > > #include "power.h" > > -#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA > +#ifdef CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS > static bool hibernate_restore_protection; > static bool hibernate_restore_protection_active; > > @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ static inline void hibernate_restore_protection_begin(void) {} > static inline void hibernate_restore_protection_end(void) {} > static inline void hibernate_restore_protect_page(void *page_address) {} > static inline void hibernate_restore_unprotect_page(void *page_address) {} > -#endif /* CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA */ > +#endif /* CONFIG_HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS */ > > static int swsusp_page_is_free(struct page *); > static void swsusp_set_page_forbidden(struct page *); > diff --git a/security/Kconfig b/security/Kconfig > index 118f454..ad6ce82 100644 > --- a/security/Kconfig > +++ b/security/Kconfig > @@ -158,6 +158,22 @@ config HARDENED_USERCOPY_PAGESPAN > been removed. This config is intended to be used only while > trying to find such users. > > +config ARCH_HAS_HARDENED_MAPPINGS > + def_bool n > + > +config HARDENED_PAGE_MAPPINGS > + bool "Mark kernel mappings with stricter permissions (RO/W^X)" > + default y > + depends on ARCH_HAS_HARDENED_MAPPINGS > + help > + If this is set, kernel text and rodata memory will be made read-only, > + and non-text memory will be made non-executable. This provides > + protection against certain security attacks (e.g. executing the heap > + or modifying text). > + > + Unless your system has known restrictions or performance issues, it > + is recommended to say Y here. > + > source security/selinux/Kconfig > source security/smack/Kconfig > source security/tomoyo/Kconfig -- (english) http://www.livejournal.com/~pavelmachek (cesky, pictures) http://atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~pavel/picture/horses/blog.html
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