CMA is introduced to provide physically contiguous pages at runtime.
For this purpose, it reserves memory at boot time. Although it reserve
memory, this reserved memory can be used for movable memory allocation
request. This usecase is beneficial to the system that needs this CMA
reserved memory infrequently and it is one of main purpose of
introducing CMA.
But, there is a problem in current implementation. The problem is that
it works like as just reserved memory approach. The pages on cma reserved
memory are hardly used for movable memory allocation. This is caused by
combination of allocation and reclaim policy.
The pages on cma reserved memory are allocated if there is no movable
memory, that is, as fallback allocation. So the time this fallback
allocation is started is under heavy memory pressure. Although it is under
memory pressure, movable allocation easily succeed, since there would be
many pages on cma reserved memory. But this is not the case for unmovable
and reclaimable allocation, because they can't use the pages on cma
reserved memory. These allocations regard system's free memory as
(free pages - free cma pages) on watermark checking, that is, free
unmovable pages + free reclaimable pages + free movable pages. Because
we already exhausted movable pages, only free pages we have are unmovable
and reclaimable types and this would be really small amount. So watermark
checking would be failed. It will wake up kswapd to make enough free
memory for unmovable and reclaimable allocation and kswapd will do.
So before we fully utilize pages on cma reserved memory, kswapd start to
reclaim memory and try to make free memory over the high watermark. This
watermark checking by kswapd doesn't take care free cma pages so many
movable pages would be reclaimed. After then, we have a lot of movable
pages again, so fallback allocation doesn't happen again. To conclude,
amount of free memory on meminfo which includes free CMA pages is moving
around 512 MB if I reserve 512 MB memory for CMA.
I found this problem on following experiment.
4 CPUs, 1024 MB, VIRTUAL MACHINE
make -j16
CMA reserve: 0 MB 512 MB
Elapsed-time: 225.2 472.5
Average-MemFree: 322490 KB 630839 KB
To solve this problem, I can think following 2 possible solutions.
1. allocate the pages on cma reserved memory first, and if they are
exhausted, allocate movable pages.
2. interleaved allocation: try to allocate specific amounts of memory
from cma reserved memory and then allocate from free movable memory.
I tested #1 approach and found the problem. Although free memory on
meminfo can move around low watermark, there is large fluctuation on free
memory, because too many pages are reclaimed when kswapd is invoked.
Reason for this behaviour is that successive allocated CMA pages are
on the LRU list in that order and kswapd reclaim them in same order.
These memory doesn't help watermark checking from kwapd, so too many
pages are reclaimed, I guess.
So, I implement #2 approach.
One thing I should note is that we should not change allocation target
(movable list or cma) on each allocation attempt, since this prevent
allocated pages to be in physically succession, so some I/O devices can
be hurt their performance. To solve this, I keep allocation target
in at least pageblock_nr_pages attempts and make this number reflect
ratio, free pages without free cma pages to free cma pages. With this
approach, system works very smoothly and fully utilize the pages on
cma reserved memory.
Following is the experimental result of this patch.
4 CPUs, 1024 MB, VIRTUAL MACHINE
make -j16
<Before>
CMA reserve: 0 MB 512 MB
Elapsed-time: 225.2 472.5
Average-MemFree: 322490 KB 630839 KB
nr_free_cma: 0 131068
pswpin: 0 261666
pswpout: 75 1241363
<After>
CMA reserve: 0 MB 512 MB
Elapsed-time: 222.7 224
Average-MemFree: 325595 KB 393033 KB
nr_free_cma: 0 61001
pswpin: 0 6
pswpout: 44 502
There is no difference if we don't have cma reserved memory (0 MB case).
But, with cma reserved memory (512 MB case), we fully utilize these
reserved memory through this patch and the system behaves like as
it doesn't reserve any memory.
With this patch, we aggressively allocate the pages on cma reserved memory
so latency of CMA can arise. Below is the experimental result about
latency.
4 CPUs, 1024 MB, VIRTUAL MACHINE
CMA reserve: 512 MB
Backgound Workload: make -jN
Real Workload: 8 MB CMA allocation/free 20 times with 5 sec interval
N: 1 4 8 16
Elapsed-time(Before): 4309.75 9511.09 12276.1 77103.5
Elapsed-time(After): 5391.69 16114.1 19380.3 34879.2
So generally we can see latency increase. Ratio of this increase
is rather big - up to 70%. But, under the heavy workload, it shows
latency decrease - up to 55%. This may be worst-case scenario, but
reducing it would be important for some system, so, I can say that
this patch have advantages and disadvantages in terms of latency.
Although I think that this patch is right direction for CMA, there is
side-effect in following case. If there is small memory zone and CMA
occupys most of them, LRU for this zone would have many CMA pages. When
reclaim is started, these CMA pages would be reclaimed, but not counted
for watermark checking, so too many CMA pages could be reclaimed
unnecessarily. Until now, this can't happen because free CMA pages aren't
used easily. But, with this patch, free CMA pages are used easily so
this problem can be possible. I will handle it on another patchset
after some investigating.
v2: In fastpath, just replenish counters. Calculation is done whenver
cma area is varied
Acked-by: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@xxxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@xxxxxxx>
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kvm/book3s_hv_cma.c b/arch/powerpc/kvm/book3s_hv_cma.c
index d9d3d85..84a7582 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kvm/book3s_hv_cma.c
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kvm/book3s_hv_cma.c
@@ -132,6 +132,8 @@ struct page *kvm_alloc_cma(unsigned long nr_pages, unsigned long align_pages)
if (ret == 0) {
bitmap_set(cma->bitmap, pageno, nr_chunk);
page = pfn_to_page(pfn);
+ adjust_managed_cma_page_count(page_zone(page),
+ nr_pages);
memset(pfn_to_kaddr(pfn), 0, nr_pages << PAGE_SHIFT);
break;
} else if (ret != -EBUSY) {
@@ -180,6 +182,7 @@ bool kvm_release_cma(struct page *pages, unsigned long nr_pages)
(pfn - cma->base_pfn) >> (KVM_CMA_CHUNK_ORDER - PAGE_SHIFT),
nr_chunk);
free_contig_range(pfn, nr_pages);
+ adjust_managed_cma_page_count(page_zone(pages), nr_pages);
mutex_unlock(&kvm_cma_mutex);
return true;
@@ -210,6 +213,8 @@ static int __init kvm_cma_activate_area(unsigned long base_pfn,
}
init_cma_reserved_pageblock(pfn_to_page(base_pfn));
} while (--i);
+ adjust_managed_cma_page_count(zone, count);
+
return 0;
}
diff --git a/drivers/base/dma-contiguous.c b/drivers/base/dma-contiguous.c
index 165c2c2..c578d5a 100644
--- a/drivers/base/dma-contiguous.c
+++ b/drivers/base/dma-contiguous.c
@@ -160,6 +160,7 @@ static int __init cma_activate_area(struct cma *cma)
}
init_cma_reserved_pageblock(pfn_to_page(base_pfn));
} while (--i);
+ adjust_managed_cma_page_count(zone, cma->count);
return 0;
}
@@ -307,6 +308,7 @@ struct page *dma_alloc_from_contiguous(struct device *dev, int count,
if (ret == 0) {
bitmap_set(cma->bitmap, pageno, count);
page = pfn_to_page(pfn);
+ adjust_managed_cma_page_count(page_zone(page), count);
break;
} else if (ret != -EBUSY) {
break;
@@ -353,6 +355,7 @@ bool dma_release_from_contiguous(struct device *dev, struct page *pages,
mutex_lock(&cma_mutex);
bitmap_clear(cma->bitmap, pfn - cma->base_pfn, count);
free_contig_range(pfn, count);
+ adjust_managed_cma_page_count(page_zone(pages), count);
mutex_unlock(&cma_mutex);
return true;
diff --git a/include/linux/gfp.h b/include/linux/gfp.h
index 39b81dc..51cffc1 100644
--- a/include/linux/gfp.h
+++ b/include/linux/gfp.h
@@ -415,6 +415,7 @@ extern int alloc_contig_range(unsigned long start, unsigned long end,
extern void free_contig_range(unsigned long pfn, unsigned nr_pages);
/* CMA stuff */
+extern void adjust_managed_cma_page_count(struct zone *zone, long count);
extern void init_cma_reserved_pageblock(struct page *page);
#endif
diff --git a/include/linux/mmzone.h b/include/linux/mmzone.h
index fac5509..f52cb96 100644
--- a/include/linux/mmzone.h
+++ b/include/linux/mmzone.h
@@ -389,6 +389,20 @@ struct zone {
int compact_order_failed;
#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_CMA
+ unsigned long managed_cma_pages;
+ /*
+ * Number of allocation attempt on each movable/cma type
+ * without switching type. max_try(movable/cma) maintain
+ * predefined calculated counter and replenish nr_try_(movable/cma)
+ * with each of them whenever both of them are 0.
+ */
+ int nr_try_movable;
+ int nr_try_cma;
+ int max_try_movable;
+ int max_try_cma;
+#endif
+
ZONE_PADDING(_pad1_)
/* Fields commonly accessed by the page reclaim scanner */
diff --git a/mm/page_alloc.c b/mm/page_alloc.c
index 674ade7..ca678b6 100644
--- a/mm/page_alloc.c
+++ b/mm/page_alloc.c
@@ -788,6 +788,56 @@ void __init __free_pages_bootmem(struct page *page, unsigned int order)
}
#ifdef CONFIG_CMA
+void adjust_managed_cma_page_count(struct zone *zone, long count)
+{
+ unsigned long flags;
+ long total, cma, movable;
+
+ spin_lock_irqsave(&zone->lock, flags);
+ zone->managed_cma_pages += count;
+
+ total = zone->managed_pages;
+ cma = zone->managed_cma_pages;
+ movable = total - cma - high_wmark_pages(zone);
+
+ /* No cma pages, so do only movable allocation */
+ if (cma <= 0) {
+ zone->max_try_movable = pageblock_nr_pages;
+ zone->max_try_cma = 0;
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * We want to consume cma pages with well balanced ratio so that
+ * we have consumed enough cma pages before the reclaim. For this
+ * purpose, we can use the ratio, movable : cma. And we doesn't
+ * want to switch too frequently, because it prevent allocated pages
+ * from beging successive and it is bad for some sorts of devices.
+ * I choose pageblock_nr_pages for the minimum amount of successive
+ * allocation because it is the size of a huge page and fragmentation
+ * avoidance is implemented based on this size.
+ *
+ * To meet above criteria, I derive following equation.
+ *
+ * if (movable > cma) then; movable : cma = X : pageblock_nr_pages
+ * else (movable <= cma) then; movable : cma = pageblock_nr_pages : X
+ */
+ if (movable > cma) {
+ zone->max_try_movable =
+ (movable * pageblock_nr_pages) / cma;
+ zone->max_try_cma = pageblock_nr_pages;
+ } else {
+ zone->max_try_movable = pageblock_nr_pages;
+ zone->max_try_cma = cma * pageblock_nr_pages / movable;
+ }
+
+out:
+ zone->nr_try_movable = zone->max_try_movable;
+ zone->nr_try_cma = zone->max_try_cma;
+
+ spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zone->lock, flags);
+}
+
/* Free whole pageblock and set its migration type to MIGRATE_CMA. */
void __init init_cma_reserved_pageblock(struct page *page)
{
@@ -1136,6 +1186,36 @@ __rmqueue_fallback(struct zone *zone, int order, int start_migratetype)
return NULL;
}
+#ifdef CONFIG_CMA
+static struct page *__rmqueue_cma(struct zone *zone, unsigned int order)
+{
+ struct page *page;
+
+ if (zone->nr_try_movable > 0)
+ goto alloc_movable;
+
+ if (zone->nr_try_cma > 0) {
+ /* Okay. Now, we can try to allocate the page from cma region */
+ zone->nr_try_cma -= 1 << order;
+ page = __rmqueue_smallest(zone, order, MIGRATE_CMA);
+
+ /* CMA pages can vanish through CMA allocation */
+ if (unlikely(!page && order == 0))
+ zone->nr_try_cma = 0;
+
+ return page;
+ }
+
+ /* Reset counter */
+ zone->nr_try_movable = zone->max_try_movable;
+ zone->nr_try_cma = zone->max_try_cma;
+
+alloc_movable:
+ zone->nr_try_movable -= 1 << order;
+ return NULL;
+}
+#endif
+
/*
* Do the hard work of removing an element from the buddy allocator.
* Call me with the zone->lock already held.
@@ -1143,10 +1223,15 @@ __rmqueue_fallback(struct zone *zone, int order, int start_migratetype)
static struct page *__rmqueue(struct zone *zone, unsigned int order,
int migratetype)
{
- struct page *page;
+ struct page *page = NULL;
+
+ if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_CMA) &&
+ migratetype == MIGRATE_MOVABLE && zone->managed_cma_pages)
+ page = __rmqueue_cma(zone, order);
retry_reserve:
- page = __rmqueue_smallest(zone, order, migratetype);
+ if (!page)
+ page = __rmqueue_smallest(zone, order, migratetype);
if (unlikely(!page) && migratetype != MIGRATE_RESERVE) {
page = __rmqueue_fallback(zone, order, migratetype);
@@ -4849,6 +4934,8 @@ static void __paginginit free_area_init_core(struct pglist_data *pgdat,
zone_seqlock_init(zone);
zone->zone_pgdat = pgdat;
zone_pcp_init(zone);
+ if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_CMA))
+ zone->managed_cma_pages = 0;
/* For bootup, initialized properly in watermark setup */
mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_ALLOC_BATCH, zone->managed_pages);
--
1.7.9.5
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