On 04/19/2013 11:04 AM, Simon Jeons wrote:
> Hi Srivatsa,
> On 04/10/2013 05:45 AM, Srivatsa S. Bhat wrote:
>> [I know, this cover letter is a little too long, but I wanted to clearly
>> explain the overall goals and the high-level design of this patchset in
>> detail. I hope this helps more than it annoys, and makes it easier for
>> reviewers to relate to the background and the goals of this patchset.]
>>
>>
>> Overview of Memory Power Management and its implications to the Linux MM
>> ========================================================================
>>
>> Today, we are increasingly seeing computer systems sporting larger and
>> larger
>> amounts of RAM, in order to meet workload demands. However, memory
>> consumes a
>> significant amount of power, potentially upto more than a third of
>> total system
>> power on server systems. So naturally, memory becomes the next big
>> target for
>> power management - on embedded systems and smartphones, and all the
>> way upto
>> large server systems.
>>
>> Power-management capabilities in modern memory hardware:
>> -------------------------------------------------------
>>
>> Modern memory hardware such as DDR3 support a number of power management
>> capabilities - for instance, the memory controller can automatically put
>
> memory controller is integrated in cpu in NUMA system and mount on PCI-E
> in UMA, correct? How can memory controller know which memory DIMMs/banks
> it will control?
>
Um? That sounds like a strange question to me. If the memory controller
itself doesn't know what it is controlling, then who will??
>> memory DIMMs/banks into content-preserving low-power states, if it
>> detects
>> that that *entire* memory DIMM/bank has not been referenced for a
>> threshold
>> amount of time, thus reducing the energy consumption of the memory
>> hardware.
>> We term these power-manageable chunks of memory as "Memory Regions".
>>
>> Exporting memory region info of the platform to the OS:
>> ------------------------------------------------------
>>
>> The OS needs to know about the granularity at which the hardware can
>> perform
>> automatic power-management of the memory banks (i.e., the address
>> boundaries
>> of the memory regions). On ARM platforms, the bootloader can be
>> modified to
>> pass on this info to the kernel via the device-tree. On x86 platforms,
>> the
>> new ACPI 5.0 spec has added support for exporting the power-management
>> capabilities of the memory hardware to the OS in a standard way[5].
>>
>> Estimate of power-savings from power-aware Linux MM:
>> ---------------------------------------------------
>>
>> Once the firmware/bootloader exports the required info to the OS, it
>> is upto
>> the kernel's MM subsystem to make the best use of these capabilities
>> and manage
>> memory power-efficiently. It had been demonstrated on a Samsung Exynos
>> board
>> (with 2 GB RAM) that upto 6 percent of total system power can be saved by
>> making the Linux kernel MM subsystem power-aware[4]. (More savings can be
>> expected on systems with larger amounts of memory, and perhaps
>> improved further
>> using better MM designs).
>
> How to know there are 6 percent of total system power can be saved by
> making the Linux kernel MM subsystem power-aware?
>
By looking at the link I gave, I suppose? :-) Let me put it here again:
[4]. Estimate of potential power savings on Samsung exynos board
http://article.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel.mm/65935
That was measured by running the earlier patchset which implemented the
"Hierarchy" design[2], with aggressive memory savings policies. But in any
case, it gives an idea of the amount of power savings we can get by doing
memory power management.
>>
>>
>> Role of the Linux MM in enhancing memory power savings:
>> ------------------------------------------------------
>>
>> Often, this simply translates to having the Linux MM understand the
>> granularity
>> at which RAM modules can be power-managed, and keeping the memory
>> allocations
>> and references consolidated to a minimum no. of these power-manageable
>> "memory regions". It is of particular interest to note that most of
>> these memory
>> hardware have the intelligence to automatically save power, by putting
>> memory
>> banks into (content-preserving) low-power states when not referenced
>> for a
>
> How to know DIMM/bank is not referenced?
>
That's upto the hardware to figure out. It would be engraved in the
hardware logic. The kernel need not worry about it. The kernel has to
simply understand the PFN ranges corresponding to independently
power-manageable chunks of memory and try to keep the memory allocations
consolidated to a minimum no. of such memory regions. That's because we
never reference (access) unallocated memory. So keeping the allocations
consolidated also indirectly keeps the references consolidated.
But going further, as I had mentioned in my TODO list, we can be smarter
than this while doing compaction to evacuate memory regions - we can
choose to migrate only the active pages, and leave the inactive pages
alone. Because, the goal is to actually consolidate the *references* and
not necessarily the *allocations* themselves.
>> threshold amount of time. All that the kernel has to do, is avoid
>> wrecking
>> the power-savings logic by scattering its allocations and references
>> all over
>> the system memory. (The kernel/MM doesn't have to perform the actual
>> power-state
>> transitions; its mostly done in the hardware automatically, and this
>> is OK
>> because these are *content-preserving* low-power states).
>>
>>
>> Brief overview of the design/approach used in this patchset:
>> -----------------------------------------------------------
>>
>> This patchset implements the 'Sorted-buddy design' for Memory Power
>> Management,
>> in which the buddy (page) allocator is altered to keep the buddy
>> freelists
>> region-sorted, which helps influence the page allocation paths to keep
>> the
>
> If this will impact normal zone based buddy freelists?
>
The freelists continue to remain zone-based. No change in that. We are
not fragmenting them further to be per-memory-region. Instead, we simply
maintain pointers within the freelists to differentiate pageblocks belonging
to different memory regions.
>> allocations consolidated to a minimum no. of memory regions. This
>> patchset also
>> includes a light-weight targetted compaction/reclaim algorithm that works
>> hand-in-hand with the page-allocator, to evacuate lightly-filled
>> memory regions
>> when memory gets fragmented, in order to further enhance memory power
>> savings.
>>
>> This Sorted-buddy design was developed based on some of the suggestions
>> received[1] during the review of the earlier patchset on Memory Power
>> Management written by Ankita Garg ('Hierarchy design')[2].
>> One of the key aspects of this Sorted-buddy design is that it avoids the
>> zone-fragmentation problem that was present in the earlier design[3].
>>
>>
Regards,
Srivatsa S. Bhat
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