With this patch userland applications that want to maintain the interactivity/memory allocation cost can use the new pressure level notifications. The levels are defined like this: The "low" level means that the system is reclaiming memory for new allocations. Monitoring reclaiming activity might be useful for maintaining overall system's cache level. Upon notification, the program (typically "Activity Manager") might analyze vmstat and act in advance (i.e. prematurely shutdown unimportant services). The "medium" level means that the system is experiencing medium memory pressure, there is some mild swapping activity. Upon this event applications may decide to analyze vmstat/zoneinfo/memcg or internal memory usage statistics and free any resources that can be easily reconstructed or re-read from a disk. The "critical" level means that the system is actively thrashing, it is about to out of memory (OOM) or even the in-kernel OOM killer is on its way to trigger. Applications should do whatever they can to help the system. It might be too late to consult with vmstat or any other statistics, so it's advisable to take an immediate action. The events are propagated upward until the event is handled, i.e. the events are not pass-through. Here is what this means: for example you have three cgroups: A->B->C. Now you set up an event listener on cgroup A and cgroup B, and suppose group C experiences some pressure. In this situation, only group B will receive the notification, i.e. group A will not receive it. This is done to avoid excessive "broadcasting" of messages, which disturbs the system and which is especially bad if we are low on memory or thrashing. So, organize the cgroups wisely, or propagate the events manually (or, ask us to implement the pass-through events, explaining why would you need them.) The file mempressure.level is used to show the current memory pressure level, and cgroups event control file can be used to setup an eventfd notification with a specific memory pressure level threshold. Signed-off-by: Anton Vorontsov <anton.vorontsov@xxxxxxxxxx> Acked-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@xxxxxxxxxxxxx> --- Hi all, Here comes another iteration of the memory pressure saga. The previous version of the patch (and discussion) can be found here: http://lkml.org/lkml/2013/1/4/55 And here are changes in this revision: - Andrew Morton was concerned that the mempressure stuff was tied to memcg, which was non-issue since mempressure wasn't actually bolted into memcg at that time. But now it is. :) So now you need memcg to use mempressure. Why? It makes things easier, simpler (e.g. this ends any questions on how two different cgroups would interact, which can be complex when two are distinct entities). Plus, as I understood it, that's how cgroup folks want to see it eventually; - Only cgroups API implemented. Let's start with making memcg people happy, i.e. handling the most complex cases, and then we can start with any niche solutions; - Implemented Minchan Kim's idea of checking gfp mask. Unfortunately, it is not as simple as checking '__GFP_HIGHMEM | __GFP_MOVABLE', since we also need to account files caches and kswapd reclaim. But even so we can filter out DMA or atomic allocations, which are not interesting for userland. Plus it opens doors for other gfp tuning, so definitely a good stuff; - Per Leonid Moiseichuk's comments decreased vmpressure_level_critical to 95. I didn't look close enough, but it seems that we the minimum step is indeed ~3%, and 99% makes it actually 100%. 95% should be fine; - Per Kamezawa Hiroyuki added some words into documentation about that it's always a good idea to consult with vmstat/zoneinfo/memcg statistics before taking any action (with the exception of critical level). Also added 'TODO' wrt. automatic window adjustment; - Documented events propagation strategy; - Removed ulong/uint usage, per Andrew's comments; - Glauber Costa didn't like too short and non-descriptive mpc_ naming, suggesting mempressure_ instead. And Andrew suggested mpcg_. I went with something completely different: vmpressure_/vmpr_. :) Also renamed xxx2yyy() to xxx_to_yyy() per Glauber Costa suggestion. - _OOM level renamed to _CRITICAL. Andrew wanted _HIGH affix, but by using 'critical' I want to denote that this level is the last one (e.g. we might want to introduce _HIGH some time later, if we can find a good definition for it); - This patch does not include shrinker interface. In the last series I showed that implementing shrinker is possible, and that it actually can be useful. At the same time I explained that shrinker is not a substitution for the pressure levels. So, once we settle on the simple thing, I might continue my shrinker efforts (which, btw, QEMU guys found interesting and potentionally useful). For those who curious, the shrinker patch is here: http://lkml.org/lkml/2013/1/4/56 - Now tested with various debugging & preempt checks enabled, plus added small comments on locks usage, thanks to Andrew; - Rebased onto the current linux-next; - While the thing somewhat changed, I preserved Kirill's ack. Kirill at least liked the idea, and I desperately need Acks. :-D Thanks! Anton Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt | 66 ++++++++- init/Kconfig | 13 ++ mm/Makefile | 1 + mm/internal.h | 34 +++++ mm/memcontrol.c | 25 ++++ mm/vmpressure.c | 300 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ mm/vmscan.c | 6 + 7 files changed, 444 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) create mode 100644 mm/vmpressure.c diff --git a/Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt b/Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt index addb1f1..006ef58 100644 --- a/Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt +++ b/Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt @@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ Features: - soft limit - moving (recharging) account at moving a task is selectable. - usage threshold notifier + - memory pressure notifier - oom-killer disable knob and oom-notifier - Root cgroup has no limit controls. @@ -65,6 +66,7 @@ Brief summary of control files. memory.stat # show various statistics memory.use_hierarchy # set/show hierarchical account enabled memory.force_empty # trigger forced move charge to parent + memory.pressure_level # show the memory pressure level memory.swappiness # set/show swappiness parameter of vmscan (See sysctl's vm.swappiness) memory.move_charge_at_immigrate # set/show controls of moving charges @@ -778,7 +780,69 @@ At reading, current status of OOM is shown. under_oom 0 or 1 (if 1, the memory cgroup is under OOM, tasks may be stopped.) -11. TODO +11. Memory Pressure + +To maintain the interactivity/memory allocation cost, one can use the +pressure level notifications, and the levels are defined like this: + +The "low" level means that the system is reclaiming memory for new +allocations. Monitoring reclaiming activity might be useful for +maintaining overall system's cache level. Upon notification, the program +(typically "Activity Manager") might analyze vmstat and act in advance +(i.e. prematurely shutdown unimportant services). + +The "medium" level means that the system is experiencing medium memory +pressure, there is some mild swapping activity. Upon this event +applications may decide to analyze vmstat/zoneinfo/memcg or internal +memory usage statistics and free any resources that can be easily +reconstructed or re-read from a disk. + +The "critical" level means that the system is actively thrashing, it is +about to out of memory (OOM) or even the in-kernel OOM killer is on its +way to trigger. Applications should do whatever they can to help the +system. It might be too late to consult with vmstat or any other +statistics, so it's advisable to take an immediate action. + +The events are propagated upward until the event is handled, i.e. the +events are not pass-through. Here is what this means: for example you have +three cgroups: A->B->C. Now you set up an event listener on cgroup A and +cgroup B, and suppose group C experiences some pressure. In this +situation, only group B will receive the notification, i.e. group A will +not receive it. This is done to avoid excessive "broadcasting" of +messages, which disturbs the system and which is especially bad if we are +low on memory or thrashing. So, organize the cgroups wisely, or propagate +the events manually (or, ask us to implement the pass-through events, +explaining why would you need them.) + +The file mempressure.level is used to show the current memory pressure +level, and cgroups event control file can be used to setup an eventfd +notification with a specific memory pressure level threshold. + + Read: + Reads mempory presure levels: low, medium or critical. + Write: + Not implemented. + Test: + Here is a script: make a new cgroup, set up a memory limit, set up a + notification on the parent cgroup, make child cgroup experience a + critical pressure. Expected result is that the parent cgroup gets a + notification: + + (Note that we are seting up a listener on parent's cgroup, and then + creating a child cgroup, showing how event propagation works.) + + # cd /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/ + # cgroup_event_listener memory.pressure_level low & + # mkdir foo + # cd foo + # echo 8000000 > memory.limit_in_bytes + # echo $$ > tasks + # dd if=/dev/zero | read x + + (Expect a bunch of notifications, and eventually, the oom-killer will + trigger.) + +12. TODO 1. Add support for accounting huge pages (as a separate controller) 2. Make per-cgroup scanner reclaim not-shared pages first diff --git a/init/Kconfig b/init/Kconfig index ccd1ca5..6d61ef5 100644 --- a/init/Kconfig +++ b/init/Kconfig @@ -908,6 +908,19 @@ config MEMCG_DEBUG_ASYNC_DESTROY This is a developer-oriented debugging facility only, and no guarantees of interface stability will be given. +config MEMCG_PRESSURE + bool "Memory Resource Controller Pressure Monitor" + help + The memory pressure monitor provides a facility for userland + programs to watch for memory pressure on per-cgroup basis. This + is useful if you have programs that want to respond to the + pressure, possibly improving memory management. + + For more information see Memory Pressure section in + Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt. + + If unsure, say N. + config CGROUP_HUGETLB bool "HugeTLB Resource Controller for Control Groups" depends on RESOURCE_COUNTERS && HUGETLB_PAGE diff --git a/mm/Makefile b/mm/Makefile index 3a46287..51f7f52 100644 --- a/mm/Makefile +++ b/mm/Makefile @@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_MIGRATION) += migrate.o obj-$(CONFIG_QUICKLIST) += quicklist.o obj-$(CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE) += huge_memory.o obj-$(CONFIG_MEMCG) += memcontrol.o page_cgroup.o +obj-$(CONFIG_MEMCG_PRESSURE) += vmpressure.o obj-$(CONFIG_CGROUP_HUGETLB) += hugetlb_cgroup.o obj-$(CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE) += memory-failure.o obj-$(CONFIG_HWPOISON_INJECT) += hwpoison-inject.o diff --git a/mm/internal.h b/mm/internal.h index 1c0c4cc..eb50685 100644 --- a/mm/internal.h +++ b/mm/internal.h @@ -374,4 +374,38 @@ unsigned long reclaim_clean_pages_from_list(struct zone *zone, #define ALLOC_CPUSET 0x40 /* check for correct cpuset */ #define ALLOC_CMA 0x80 /* allow allocations from CMA areas */ +struct vmpressure { +#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG_PRESSURE + unsigned int scanned; + unsigned int reclaimed; + /* The lock is used to keep the scanned/reclaimed above in sync. */ + struct mutex sr_lock; + + struct list_head events; + /* Have to grab the lock on events traversal or modifications. */ + struct mutex events_lock; + + struct work_struct work; +#endif /* CONFIG_MEMCG_PRESSURE */ +}; + +struct mem_cgroup; +#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG_PRESSURE +extern void vmpressure(gfp_t gfp, struct mem_cgroup *memcg, + unsigned long scanned, unsigned long reclaimed); +extern void vmpressure_prio(gfp_t gfp, struct mem_cgroup *memcg, int prio); +extern void vmpressure_init(struct vmpressure *vmpr); +extern struct vmpressure *memcg_to_vmpr(struct mem_cgroup *memcg); +extern struct cgroup_subsys_state *vmpr_to_css(struct vmpressure *vmpr); +extern struct vmpressure *css_to_vmpr(struct cgroup_subsys_state *css); +extern void __init enable_pressure_cgroup(void); +#else +static inline void vmpressure(gfp_t gfp, struct mem_cgroup *memcg, + unsigned long scanned, unsigned long reclaimed) {} +static inline void vmpressure_prio(gfp_t gfp, struct mem_cgroup *memcg, + int prio) {} +static inline void vmpressure_init(struct vmpressure *vmpr) {} +static inline void __init enable_pressure_cgroup(void) {} +#endif /* CONFIG_MEMCG_PRESSURE */ + #endif /* __MM_INTERNAL_H */ diff --git a/mm/memcontrol.c b/mm/memcontrol.c index 25ac5f4..60f277a 100644 --- a/mm/memcontrol.c +++ b/mm/memcontrol.c @@ -370,6 +370,9 @@ struct mem_cgroup { atomic_t numainfo_events; atomic_t numainfo_updating; #endif + + struct vmpressure vmpr; + /* * Per cgroup active and inactive list, similar to the * per zone LRU lists. @@ -575,6 +578,26 @@ static inline bool mem_cgroup_is_root(struct mem_cgroup *memcg) return (memcg == root_mem_cgroup); } +/* Some nice accessors for the vmpressure. */ +#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG_PRESSURE +struct vmpressure *memcg_to_vmpr(struct mem_cgroup *memcg) +{ + if (!memcg) + memcg = root_mem_cgroup; + return &memcg->vmpr; +} + +struct cgroup_subsys_state *vmpr_to_css(struct vmpressure *vmpr) +{ + return &container_of(vmpr, struct mem_cgroup, vmpr)->css; +} + +struct vmpressure *css_to_vmpr(struct cgroup_subsys_state *css) +{ + return &mem_cgroup_from_css(css)->vmpr; +} +#endif /* CONFIG_MEMCG_PRESSURE */ + /* Writing them here to avoid exposing memcg's inner layout */ #if defined(CONFIG_INET) && defined(CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM) @@ -6291,6 +6314,7 @@ mem_cgroup_css_alloc(struct cgroup *cont) memcg->move_charge_at_immigrate = 0; mutex_init(&memcg->thresholds_lock); spin_lock_init(&memcg->move_lock); + vmpressure_init(&memcg->vmpr); return &memcg->css; @@ -7018,6 +7042,7 @@ static int __init mem_cgroup_init(void) { hotcpu_notifier(memcg_cpu_hotplug_callback, 0); enable_swap_cgroup(); + enable_pressure_cgroup(); mem_cgroup_soft_limit_tree_init(); memcg_stock_init(); return 0; diff --git a/mm/vmpressure.c b/mm/vmpressure.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7922503 --- /dev/null +++ b/mm/vmpressure.c @@ -0,0 +1,300 @@ +/* + * Linux VM pressure + * + * Copyright 2012 Linaro Ltd. + * Anton Vorontsov <anton.vorontsov@xxxxxxxxxx> + * + * Based on ideas from Andrew Morton, David Rientjes, KOSAKI Motohiro, + * Leonid Moiseichuk, Mel Gorman, Minchan Kim and Pekka Enberg. + * + * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it + * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published + * by the Free Software Foundation. + */ + +#include <linux/cgroup.h> +#include <linux/fs.h> +#include <linux/sched.h> +#include <linux/mm.h> +#include <linux/vmstat.h> +#include <linux/eventfd.h> +#include <linux/swap.h> +#include <linux/printk.h> +#include "internal.h" + +/* + * Generic VM Pressure routines (no cgroups or any other API details) + */ + +/* + * The window size is the number of scanned pages before we try to analyze + * the scanned/reclaimed ratio (or difference). + * + * It is used as a rate-limit tunable for the "low" level notification, + * and for averaging medium/critical levels. Using small window sizes can + * cause lot of false positives, but too big window size will delay the + * notifications. + * + * TODO: Make the window size depend on machine size, as we do for vmstat + * thresholds. + */ +static const unsigned int vmpressure_win = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX * 16; +static const unsigned int vmpressure_level_med = 60; +static const unsigned int vmpressure_level_critical = 95; +static const unsigned int vmpressure_level_critical_prio = 3; + +enum vmpressure_levels { + VMPRESSURE_LOW = 0, + VMPRESSURE_MEDIUM, + VMPRESSURE_CRITICAL, + VMPRESSURE_NUM_LEVELS, +}; + +static const char *vmpressure_str_levels[] = { + [VMPRESSURE_LOW] = "low", + [VMPRESSURE_MEDIUM] = "medium", + [VMPRESSURE_CRITICAL] = "critical", +}; + +static enum vmpressure_levels vmpressure_level(unsigned int pressure) +{ + if (pressure >= vmpressure_level_critical) + return VMPRESSURE_CRITICAL; + else if (pressure >= vmpressure_level_med) + return VMPRESSURE_MEDIUM; + return VMPRESSURE_LOW; +} + +static unsigned long vmpressure_calc_level(unsigned int win, + unsigned int s, unsigned int r) +{ + unsigned long p; + + if (!s) + return 0; + + /* + * We calculate the ratio (in percents) of how many pages were + * scanned vs. reclaimed in a given time frame (window). Note that + * time is in VM reclaimer's "ticks", i.e. number of pages + * scanned. This makes it possible to set desired reaction time + * and serves as a ratelimit. + */ + p = win - (r * win / s); + p = p * 100 / win; + + pr_debug("%s: %3lu (s: %6u r: %6u)\n", __func__, p, s, r); + + return vmpressure_level(p); +} + +void vmpressure(gfp_t gfp, struct mem_cgroup *memcg, + unsigned long scanned, unsigned long reclaimed) +{ + struct vmpressure *vmpr = memcg_to_vmpr(memcg); + + /* + * So far we are only interested application memory, or, in case + * of low pressure, in FS/IO memory reclaim. We are also + * interested indirect reclaim (kswapd sets sc->gfp_mask to + * GFP_KERNEL). + */ + if (!(gfp & (__GFP_HIGHMEM | __GFP_MOVABLE | __GFP_IO | __GFP_FS))) + return; + + if (!scanned) + return; + + mutex_lock(&vmpr->sr_lock); + vmpr->scanned += scanned; + vmpr->reclaimed += reclaimed; + mutex_unlock(&vmpr->sr_lock); + + if (scanned < vmpressure_win || work_pending(&vmpr->work)) + return; + schedule_work(&vmpr->work); +} + +void vmpressure_prio(gfp_t gfp, struct mem_cgroup *memcg, int prio) +{ + if (prio > vmpressure_level_critical_prio) + return; + + /* OK, the prio is below the threshold, we're about to oom. */ + vmpressure(gfp, memcg, vmpressure_win, 0); +} + +static struct vmpressure *wk_to_vmpr(struct work_struct *wk) +{ + return container_of(wk, struct vmpressure, work); +} + +static struct vmpressure *cg_to_vmpr(struct cgroup *cg) +{ + return css_to_vmpr(cgroup_subsys_state(cg, mem_cgroup_subsys_id)); +} + +struct vmpressure_event { + struct eventfd_ctx *efd; + enum vmpressure_levels level; + struct list_head node; +}; + +static bool vmpressure_event(struct vmpressure *vmpr, + unsigned long s, unsigned long r) +{ + struct vmpressure_event *ev; + int level = vmpressure_calc_level(vmpressure_win, s, r); + bool signalled = 0; + + mutex_lock(&vmpr->events_lock); + + list_for_each_entry(ev, &vmpr->events, node) { + if (level >= ev->level) { + eventfd_signal(ev->efd, 1); + signalled++; + } + } + + mutex_unlock(&vmpr->events_lock); + + return signalled; +} + +static struct vmpressure *vmpressure_parent(struct vmpressure *vmpr) +{ + struct cgroup *cg = vmpr_to_css(vmpr)->cgroup->parent; + + if (!cg) + return NULL; + return cg_to_vmpr(cg); +} + +static void vmpressure_wk_fn(struct work_struct *wk) +{ + struct vmpressure *vmpr = wk_to_vmpr(wk); + unsigned long s; + unsigned long r; + + mutex_lock(&vmpr->sr_lock); + s = vmpr->scanned; + r = vmpr->reclaimed; + vmpr->scanned = 0; + vmpr->reclaimed = 0; + mutex_unlock(&vmpr->sr_lock); + + do { + if (vmpressure_event(vmpr, s, r)) + break; + /* + * If not handled, propagate the event upward into the + * hierarchy. + */ + } while ((vmpr = vmpressure_parent(vmpr))); +} + +/* cgroups "frontend" for vmpressure. */ + +static ssize_t vmpressure_read_level(struct cgroup *cg, struct cftype *cft, + struct file *file, char __user *buf, + size_t sz, loff_t *ppos) +{ + struct vmpressure *vmpr = cg_to_vmpr(cg); + unsigned int level; + const char *str; + ssize_t len = 0; + + if (*ppos >= sz) + return 0; + + mutex_lock(&vmpr->sr_lock); + + level = vmpressure_calc_level(vmpressure_win, + vmpr->scanned, vmpr->reclaimed); + + mutex_unlock(&vmpr->sr_lock); + + str = vmpressure_str_levels[level]; + len += strlen(str) + 1; + if (len > sz) + return -EINVAL; + + if (copy_to_user(buf, str, len - 1)) + return -EFAULT; + if (copy_to_user(buf + len - 1, "\n", 1)) + return -EFAULT; + + *ppos += sz; + return len; +} + +static int vmpressure_register_level(struct cgroup *cg, struct cftype *cft, + struct eventfd_ctx *eventfd, + const char *args) +{ + struct vmpressure *vmpr = cg_to_vmpr(cg); + struct vmpressure_event *ev; + int lvl; + + for (lvl = 0; lvl < VMPRESSURE_NUM_LEVELS; lvl++) { + if (!strcmp(vmpressure_str_levels[lvl], args)) + break; + } + + if (lvl >= VMPRESSURE_NUM_LEVELS) + return -EINVAL; + + ev = kzalloc(sizeof(*ev), GFP_KERNEL); + if (!ev) + return -ENOMEM; + + ev->efd = eventfd; + ev->level = lvl; + + mutex_lock(&vmpr->events_lock); + list_add(&ev->node, &vmpr->events); + mutex_unlock(&vmpr->events_lock); + + return 0; +} + +static void vmpressure_unregister_level(struct cgroup *cg, struct cftype *cft, + struct eventfd_ctx *eventfd) +{ + struct vmpressure *vmpr = cg_to_vmpr(cg); + struct vmpressure_event *ev; + + mutex_lock(&vmpr->events_lock); + list_for_each_entry(ev, &vmpr->events, node) { + if (ev->efd != eventfd) + continue; + list_del(&ev->node); + kfree(ev); + break; + } + mutex_unlock(&vmpr->events_lock); +} + +static struct cftype vmpressure_cgroup_files[] = { + { + .name = "pressure_level", + .read = vmpressure_read_level, + .register_event = vmpressure_register_level, + .unregister_event = vmpressure_unregister_level, + }, + {}, +}; + +void vmpressure_init(struct vmpressure *vmpr) +{ + mutex_init(&vmpr->sr_lock); + mutex_init(&vmpr->events_lock); + INIT_LIST_HEAD(&vmpr->events); + INIT_WORK(&vmpr->work, vmpressure_wk_fn); +} + +void __init enable_pressure_cgroup(void) +{ + WARN_ON(cgroup_add_cftypes(&mem_cgroup_subsys, + vmpressure_cgroup_files)); +} diff --git a/mm/vmscan.c b/mm/vmscan.c index 88c5fed..34f09b9 100644 --- a/mm/vmscan.c +++ b/mm/vmscan.c @@ -1982,6 +1982,10 @@ static void shrink_zone(struct zone *zone, struct scan_control *sc) } memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(root, memcg, &reclaim); } while (memcg); + + vmpressure(sc->gfp_mask, sc->target_mem_cgroup, + sc->nr_scanned - nr_scanned, nr_reclaimed); + } while (should_continue_reclaim(zone, sc->nr_reclaimed - nr_reclaimed, sc->nr_scanned - nr_scanned, sc)); } @@ -2167,6 +2171,8 @@ static unsigned long do_try_to_free_pages(struct zonelist *zonelist, count_vm_event(ALLOCSTALL); do { + vmpressure_prio(sc->gfp_mask, sc->target_mem_cgroup, + sc->priority); sc->nr_scanned = 0; 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