From: Mel Gorman <mgorman@xxxxxxx>
It is tricky to quantify the basic cost of automatic NUMA
placement in a meaningful manner. This patch adds some vmstats
that can be used as part of a basic costing model.
u = basic unit = sizeof(void *)
Ca = cost of struct page access = sizeof(struct page) / u
Cpte = Cost PTE access = Ca
Cupdate = Cost PTE update = (2 * Cpte) + (2 * Wlock)
where Cpte is incurred twice for a read and a write and Wlock
is a constant representing the cost of taking or releasing a
lock
Cnumahint = Cost of a minor page fault = some high constant e.g.
1000 Cpagerw = Cost to read or write a full page = Ca +
PAGE_SIZE/u Ci = Cost of page isolation = Ca + Wi
where Wi is a constant that should reflect the approximate cost
of the locking operation
Cpagecopy = Cpagerw + (Cpagerw * Wnuma) + Ci + (Ci * Wnuma)
where Wnuma is the approximate NUMA factor. 1 is local. 1.2
would imply that remote accesses are 20% more expensive
Balancing cost = Cpte * numa_pte_updates +
Cnumahint * numa_hint_faults +
Ci * numa_pages_migrated +
Cpagecopy * numa_pages_migrated
Note that numa_pages_migrated is used as a measure of how many
pages were isolated even though it would miss pages that failed
to migrate. A vmstat counter could have been added for it but
the isolation cost is pretty marginal in comparison to the
overall cost so it seemed overkill.
The ideal way to measure automatic placement benefit would be to
count the number of remote accesses versus local accesses and do
something like
benefit = (remote_accesses_before - remove_access_after) * Wnuma
but the information is not readily available. As a workload
converges, the expection would be that the number of remote numa
hints would reduce to 0.
convergence = numa_hint_faults_local / numa_hint_faults
where this is measured for the last N number of
numa hints recorded. When the workload is fully
converged the value is 1.
This can measure if the placement policy is converging and how
fast it is doing it.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@xxxxxxx>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@xxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@xxxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@xxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Paul Turner <pjt@xxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@xxxxxx>
Cc: Alex Shi <lkml.alex@xxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Srikar Dronamraju <srikar@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Aneesh Kumar <aneesh.kumar@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@xxxxxxxxx>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@xxxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@xxxxxxxxxx>
---
include/linux/vm_event_item.h | 6 ++++++
include/linux/vmstat.h | 8 ++++++++
mm/huge_memory.c | 1 +
mm/memory.c | 14 ++++++++++++++
mm/mempolicy.c | 2 ++
mm/migrate.c | 3 ++-
mm/vmstat.c | 6 ++++++
7 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/include/linux/vm_event_item.h b/include/linux/vm_event_item.h
index b94bafd..bf1cb85 100644
--- a/include/linux/vm_event_item.h
+++ b/include/linux/vm_event_item.h
@@ -38,6 +38,12 @@ enum vm_event_item { PGPGIN, PGPGOUT, PSWPIN, PSWPOUT,
KSWAPD_LOW_WMARK_HIT_QUICKLY, KSWAPD_HIGH_WMARK_HIT_QUICKLY,
KSWAPD_SKIP_CONGESTION_WAIT,
PAGEOUTRUN, ALLOCSTALL, PGROTATED,
+#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING
+ NUMA_PTE_UPDATES,
+ NUMA_HINT_FAULTS,
+ NUMA_HINT_FAULTS_LOCAL,
+ NUMA_PAGE_MIGRATE,
+#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_MIGRATION
PGMIGRATE_SUCCESS, PGMIGRATE_FAIL,
#endif
diff --git a/include/linux/vmstat.h b/include/linux/vmstat.h
index 92a86b2..a13291f 100644
--- a/include/linux/vmstat.h
+++ b/include/linux/vmstat.h
@@ -80,6 +80,14 @@ static inline void vm_events_fold_cpu(int cpu)
#endif /* CONFIG_VM_EVENT_COUNTERS */
+#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING
+#define count_vm_numa_event(x) count_vm_event(x)
+#define count_vm_numa_events(x, y) count_vm_events(x, y)
+#else
+#define count_vm_numa_event(x) do {} while (0)
+#define count_vm_numa_events(x, y) do {} while (0)
+#endif /* CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING */
+
#define __count_zone_vm_events(item, zone, delta) \
__count_vm_events(item##_NORMAL - ZONE_NORMAL + \
zone_idx(zone), delta)
diff --git a/mm/huge_memory.c b/mm/huge_memory.c
index d79f7a5..3566820 100644
--- a/mm/huge_memory.c
+++ b/mm/huge_memory.c
@@ -1034,6 +1034,7 @@ int do_huge_pmd_numa_page(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
page = pmd_page(pmd);
get_page(page);
spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
+ count_vm_numa_event(NUMA_HINT_FAULTS);
target_nid = mpol_misplaced(page, vma, haddr);
if (target_nid == -1)
diff --git a/mm/memory.c b/mm/memory.c
index 174f006..1ff36b1 100644
--- a/mm/memory.c
+++ b/mm/memory.c
@@ -3476,6 +3476,7 @@ int do_numa_page(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
set_pte_at(mm, addr, ptep, pte);
update_mmu_cache(vma, addr, ptep);
+ count_vm_numa_event(NUMA_HINT_FAULTS);
page = vm_normal_page(vma, addr, pte);
if (!page) {
pte_unmap_unlock(ptep, ptl);
@@ -3484,6 +3485,8 @@ int do_numa_page(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
get_page(page);
current_nid = page_to_nid(page);
+ if (current_nid == numa_node_id())
+ count_vm_numa_event(NUMA_HINT_FAULTS_LOCAL);
target_nid = mpol_misplaced(page, vma, addr);
pte_unmap_unlock(ptep, ptl);
if (target_nid == -1) {
@@ -3514,6 +3517,10 @@ int do_pmd_numa_page(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
unsigned long offset;
spinlock_t *ptl;
bool numa = false;
+ int local_nid = numa_node_id();
+ int curr_nid;
+ unsigned long nr_faults = 0;
+ unsigned long nr_faults_local = 0;
spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
pmd = *pmdp;
@@ -3553,9 +3560,16 @@ int do_pmd_numa_page(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
page = vm_normal_page(vma, addr, pteval);
if (unlikely(!page))
continue;
+ curr_nid = page_to_nid(page);
+
+ nr_faults++;
+ if (curr_nid == local_nid)
+ nr_faults_local++;
}
pte_unmap_unlock(orig_pte, ptl);
+ count_vm_numa_events(NUMA_HINT_FAULTS, nr_faults);
+ count_vm_numa_events(NUMA_HINT_FAULTS_LOCAL, nr_faults_local);
return 0;
}
diff --git a/mm/mempolicy.c b/mm/mempolicy.c
index a7a62fe..516491f 100644
--- a/mm/mempolicy.c
+++ b/mm/mempolicy.c
@@ -583,6 +583,8 @@ unsigned long change_prot_numa(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
BUILD_BUG_ON(_PAGE_NUMA != _PAGE_PROTNONE);
nr_updated = change_protection(vma, addr, end, vma->vm_page_prot, 0, 1);
+ if (nr_updated)
+ count_vm_numa_events(NUMA_PTE_UPDATES, nr_updated);
return nr_updated;
}
diff --git a/mm/migrate.c b/mm/migrate.c
index d168aec..cdd07c7 100644
--- a/mm/migrate.c
+++ b/mm/migrate.c
@@ -1511,7 +1511,8 @@ int migrate_misplaced_page(struct page *page, int node)
if (nr_remaining) {
putback_lru_pages(&migratepages);
isolated = 0;
- }
+ } else
+ count_vm_numa_event(NUMA_PAGE_MIGRATE);
}
BUG_ON(!list_empty(&migratepages));
out:
diff --git a/mm/vmstat.c b/mm/vmstat.c
index 3a067fa..c0f1f6d 100644
--- a/mm/vmstat.c
+++ b/mm/vmstat.c
@@ -774,6 +774,12 @@ const char * const vmstat_text[] = {
"pgrotated",
+#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING
+ "numa_pte_updates",
+ "numa_hint_faults",
+ "numa_hint_faults_local",
+ "numa_pages_migrated",
+#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_MIGRATION
"pgmigrate_success",
"pgmigrate_fail",
--
1.7.11.7
--
To unsubscribe, send a message with 'unsubscribe linux-mm' in
the body to majordomo@xxxxxxxxx. For more info on Linux MM,
see: http://www.linux-mm.org/ .
Don't email: <a href=mailto:"dont@xxxxxxxxx";> email@xxxxxxxxx </a>