The patchset is based on upstream v6.3. More and more cores are put in one physical CPU (usually one NUMA node too). In 2023, one high-end server CPU has 56, 64, or more cores. Even more cores per physical CPU are planned for future CPUs. While all cores in one physical CPU will contend for the page allocation on one zone in most cases. This causes heavy zone lock contention in some workloads. And the situation will become worse and worse in the future. For example, on an 2-socket Intel server machine with 224 logical CPUs, if the kernel is built with `make -j224`, the zone lock contention cycles% can reach up to about 12.7%. To improve the scalability of the page allocation, in this series, we will create one zone instance for each about 256 GB memory of a zone type generally. That is, one large zone type will be split into multiple zone instances. Then, different logical CPUs will prefer different zone instances based on the logical CPU No. So the total number of logical CPUs contend on one zone will be reduced. Thus the scalability is improved. With the series, the zone lock contention cycles% reduces to less than 1.6% in the above kbuild test case when 4 zone instances are created for ZONE_NORMAL. Also tested the series with the will-it-scale/page_fault1 with 16 processes. With the optimization, the benchmark score increases up to 18.2% and the zone lock contention reduces from 13.01% to 0.56%. To create multiple zone instances for a zone type, another choice is to create zone instances based on the total number of logical CPUs. We choose to use memory size because it is easier to be implemented. In most cases, the more the cores, the larger the memory size is. And, on system with larger memory size, the performance requirement of the page allocator is usually higher. Best Regards, Huang, Ying
